tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82214855727184357782024-03-06T21:01:04.013+01:00Good Morning AfrikaUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger576125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-44501382947933133822023-11-12T16:41:00.002+01:002023-11-12T16:41:32.369+01:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (18)<p> Vous pouvez retrouver la dernière édition <a href="https://sonialegouriellec.wordpress.com/2023/11/12/les-dernieres-nouvelles-du-continent-18/">ICI</a><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-55378488494466059742023-11-05T17:13:00.004+01:002023-11-05T17:25:51.765+01:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (17) <p style="text-align: justify;">Presque trois ans sans article sur ce blog... le temps d'une expatriation. Trois ans également, pratiquement jour pour jour, que le conflit au Tigré a éclaté. Au cours de ces mois, les coups d’État se sont enchainés sur le continent, la France <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/04/la-politique-africaine-d-emmanuel-macron-histoire-d-une-rupture_6198169_3212.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=ios&lmd_source=twitter">ne semble plus avoir de politique à proposer </a>à ses partenaires et se montre souvent dépassée par la marche du monde. Les conflits systémiques en Europe et au Moyen Orient trouvent une chambre d'échos sur le continent africain mais l'attention s'en détache. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le métier de chercheur nous impose de faire un pas de côté, d'expliquer les évènements - sans les justifier - et de donner un sens au monde qui nous entoure. Alors que notre société du spectacle semble se transformer en spectacle de l’horreur, plus que jamais le chercheur doit faire entendre sa voix dans l'espace public. Dans le bouillonnement informationnel actuel, il est souvent difficile pour nos étudiants et pour le grand public de faire le tri et de trouver l'information pertinente. J'entends donc reprendre ici mes veilles d'internationalistes avec un focus sur les Afriques, en me concentrant sur les contributions francophones en complément de la formidable newsletter de <span class="css-901oao css-16my406 css-1hf3ou5 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">Jeffrey Paller</span></span> (en anglais).<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Corne de l'Afrique</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le 2 novembre 2022, le gouvernement fédéral éthiopien et les rebelles du Tigré signaient à Prétoria un accord mettant fin à deux ans de guerre. Pourtant, un après, le pays est toujours en guerre. Le Premier ministre et prix Nobel de la paix souhaite démanteler les milices, or se sont justement les milices amhara (Fano) qui ont combattu auprès des troupes fédérales au Tigré et qui<a href="https://information.tv5monde.com/afrique/ethiopie-un-apres-la-fin-de-la-guerre-paroles-de-tigreens-2673842"> refuse désormais de rendre leurs armes</a>. Les anciens alliés érythréens <a href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231103-guerre-au-tigr%C3%A9-un-an-apr%C3%A8s-les-accords-de-pretoria-la-paix-est-loin-d-%C3%AAtre-acquise">refusent également de se retirer</a>. Un diplomate interviewé par <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/11/02/en-ethiopie-un-an-apres-l-accord-de-paix-la-guerre-est-toujours-la_6197819_3210.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default">Noé Hochet-Bodin pour Le Monde tranche</a> : <i>« L’espoir est devenu cauchemar (...) </i><i>Nous
pensions assister à un tournant historique pour l’Ethiopie, mais en
réalité cet accord avait un handicap dès sa signature : il n’incorpore
pas les forces amhara ni l’Erythrée, deux acteurs de la guerre. » </i><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">Avec au moins 371 971 combattants, <a href="https://twitter.com/noehochet/status/1720409566721003567?t=eLXiIPHIng5h6pe9CpXuEA&s=03">le processus de démobilisation</a> sera le plus important au monde et devrait coûter 849 millions de dollars sur une période de quatre à cinq ans. Et si pour souder les Éthiopiens et <a href="https://www.ethiopiaobserver.com/2023/10/15/securing-red-sea-access-vital-for-ethiopias-survival-abiy-ahmed/">désenclaver le pays</a>, il fallait créer un <a href="https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2023/11/01/tigray-doesnt-need-another-war/">nouvelle guerre contre l'Erythrée</a> ? <a href="Les arguments économiques de l'Éthiopie en faveur d'un accès fiable et rentable à un port maritime sont solides. Afin d'assurer son avenir économique, le pays doit minimiser ou effacer complètement les coûts économiques liés à l'enclavement. Dans l'ensemble, les pays enclavés ont tendance à être 20 % moins développés qu'ils ne le seraient s'ils avaient accès à la mer. Cela s'explique en partie par le coût du commerce, les frais de transport étant de 50 à 262 % plus élevés pour les pays enclavés.">Ken Opalo estime crédible les arguments économiques avancées</a> par Abiy Ahmed en faveur du désenclavement. Dans l'ensemble, les pays enclavés ont tendance à être 20 % moins développés qu'ils ne le seraient s'ils avaient accès à la mer. Cela s'explique en partie par le coût du commerce, les frais de transport étant de 50 à 262 % plus élevés pour les pays enclavés. </span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">Pour le moment le <a href="https://www.channel4.com/news/the-horrors-of-the-hidden-war-inside-the-tigray-conflict-in-ethiopia">Tigré est exsangue</a>.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkfZJQOXMyisoQ5c8YUMAP9DRmcXtvRL9VWenvfsbvberzwWaiKYcxNKoJLF1D8ZpgVrmakPQcKXPpVi6BO5Xf52Pn75mufjJEXm5V_cd2lOs4AltcHS5imRdK9upk6-K-Tfa_jY416y0Yer7fvFvveqt84dswXtTntRD1nzBuwZtyobYR8xORbX820qAk/s566/17e66d1d-36f4-4971-8a9b-33aa0bcf69d4_566x558.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="566" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkfZJQOXMyisoQ5c8YUMAP9DRmcXtvRL9VWenvfsbvberzwWaiKYcxNKoJLF1D8ZpgVrmakPQcKXPpVi6BO5Xf52Pn75mufjJEXm5V_cd2lOs4AltcHS5imRdK9upk6-K-Tfa_jY416y0Yer7fvFvveqt84dswXtTntRD1nzBuwZtyobYR8xORbX820qAk/w400-h394/17e66d1d-36f4-4971-8a9b-33aa0bcf69d4_566x558.webp" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le désintérêts pour ce conflit fait dire à Gérard Prunier que "<a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/11/02/un-an-apres-l-accord-de-paix-en-ethiopie-la-guerre-sans-fin_6197913_3212.html?lmd_medium=al&lmd_campaign=envoye-par-appli&lmd_creation=android&lmd_source=default">La mort d’un Noir vaut moins que celle d’un Blanc(*) et les cadavres éthiopiens d’une guerre qui a compté au moins quatre fois autant de pertes que la guerre en Ukraine en sont une preuve de plus</a>." Esther Duflo revient sur cette <a href="https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/le-biais-d-esther-duflo/le-biais-d-esther-duflo-chronique-du-lundi-30-octobre-2023-1470875">invisibilisation </a>dans sa chronique sur France culture. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">La <a href="https://shabellemedia.com/somalia-seeks-non-permanent-seat-at-un-security-council/">Somalie annonce sa candidature à un siège non permanent</a> au Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies pour une période de deux ans (2025-2026). Actuellement, le continent dispose de trois sièges non permanents occupés par le Mozambique, l'Algérie et la Sierra Leone.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le Soudan est aujourd’hui l'une des <a href="https://www.unhcr.org/fr-fr/urgences/urgence-soudan">pires catastrophes humanitaires au monde</a>, avec plus de 5,6 millions de personnes déplacées, 9 000 morts dans les combats, <span class="font-weight-bold">860,000 </span>réfugiés
et rapatriés qui pourraient fuir vers les pays voisins en raison de la
violence au Soudan au cours des six prochains mois. On estime à 19 millions le nombre d'enfants non scolarisés. <a href="https://www.la-croix.com/international/Soudan-femmes-rescapees-racontent-lhorreur-guerre-oubliee-2023-11-02-1201289183">Laurent Larcher</a> s'est rendu <span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">dans les camps de réfugiés soudanais au </span><span class="r-18u37iz">Tchad</span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"> auprès des « anciens» réfugiés arrivés du Darfour en 2003 qui voient arriver les nouveaux réfugiés de</span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"> la guerre d'avril 2023.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1H7c1TQxvZzhd8N-T5MqJnemzAOzRzmiLrray2G8DleFnGg3IGQMRTlpNZXHT-UkuqIfzDntP2L3b2bbjsGpKJbagNVSU8Gr_SwGar65tNTZ6ymy2Mv9QNvhmku125mENUdONbrSEReG29g58xXCnznXiTfDVuOtmM-2N5yAcq-GymmiqVrkMeJMh6uSF/s1087/F-GOQdRXcAAV5xX.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="1087" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1H7c1TQxvZzhd8N-T5MqJnemzAOzRzmiLrray2G8DleFnGg3IGQMRTlpNZXHT-UkuqIfzDntP2L3b2bbjsGpKJbagNVSU8Gr_SwGar65tNTZ6ymy2Mv9QNvhmku125mENUdONbrSEReG29g58xXCnznXiTfDVuOtmM-2N5yAcq-GymmiqVrkMeJMh6uSF/w400-h244/F-GOQdRXcAAV5xX.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Israël/Palestine</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le <a href="https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/evenements/comprendre-les-reactions-planetaires-a-la-guerre-de-soukkot-1/">7 novembre,</a> nous réfléchirons à l'ENS aux réactions mondiales à cette guerre. Je propose ici quelques <a href="https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2023/10/20/israel-hamas-les-pays-dafrique-subsaharienne-dans-la-guerre-de-soukkot/">éléments de réponses pour les Afriques</a>, complétés par Afrique XXI qui évoque une "<a href="https://afriquexxi.info/Indifference">indifférence</a>" des pays africains dans leur ensemble. Al Shabaab pourrait intensifier ses attaques en Somalie et au Kenya alors que l'opération de maintien de la paix de l'Union africaine en Somalie se réduit. Al-Shabaab a publié une déclaration saluant la « bravoure » des combattants du Hamas et leur apportant son soutien total. <a href="https://responsiblestatecraft.org/israel-hamas-africa/?s=03">Pour Alex de Waal,</a> c'est toute l'architecture de sécurité de la mer Rouge qui est en jeu : "<i>La mer Rouge est stratégique pour Israël. Un quart du commerce maritime israélien est traité dans le port d'Eilat, situé dans le golfe d'Aqaba, un bras de mer de la mer Rouge. Eilat est la porte arrière d'Israël, vitale au cas où la côte méditerranéenne serait menacée. Israël considère depuis longtemps les pays riverains de la mer Rouge - Jordanie, Égypte, Arabie saoudite, Yémen, Soudan, Érythrée, Djibouti et Somalie - comme des pièces du puzzle de sa frontière de sécurité élargie</i>." <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/fr/africa/une-afrique-divisee-face-la-guerre-de-gaza">Gilles Yabi explore les raisons </a>pour lesquelles la réponse de l’Union
africaine ne reflète pas
celle de l’ensemble des pays africains. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Afrique de l'Ouest/Afrique centrale côtière</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En Guinée, Dadis Camara a été exfiltré de prison par un commando armé puis réarrêté dans la même journée (lire ce livre sur <a href="https://www.memoire-collective-guinee.org/">les violences politiques dans le pays</a>). Depuis un an, se déroule </span>son procès ainsi que dix de ses co-accusés, soupçonnés d’être les responsables du <a href="https://www.hrw.org/fr/report/2009/12/17/un-lundi-sanglant/le-massacre-et-les-viols-commis-par-les-forces-de-securite-en">massacre du 28 septembre 2009</a>. Pour Catherine Maia "la démonstration est faite que même un
État tel que la Guinée, aux moyens limités et à la stabilité politique
relative, p<a href="https://theconversation.com/guinee-le-proces-du-massacre-du-28-septembre-2009-un-grand-pas-pour-la-lutte-contre-limpunite-215860">eut organiser efficacement et équitablement des procès d’auteurs de graves violations des droits humains</a>".</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Le <a href="https://africacenter.org/fr/spotlight/limites-mandats-putschs-deux-revers-meme-medaille/">Centre d'études stratégiques de l'Afrique</a> propose une analyse (avec carte et tableau) sur les limites constitutionnelles de la durée au pouvoir des dirigeants africains. On apprend que "sur les 54 pays d’Afrique, en comptant les huit pays supplémentaires
qui ne sont pas dotés de restrictions de mandats, 30 pays (soit 56 %)
fonctionnent sans limites sur l’échéance au pouvoir du président."</p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1gASnhFXJMWS4mRzhzky8bapDsM0epizSJf961llXp8s2tQIFkkOVzbD7tCqajxl450eHsCUTx21wkbJT8GYg_2rVE4BqyGlv3ZYPoPgGHhI0sOfrzESDzZaBSib5KBl4RXg-PrKrjNeD5pBx3bq34a2t-POcRhvrOjxjvF2tKUrqyYgFvdchKzlfzem2/s1221/Map-Term-limits-2023-10-FR.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1149" data-original-width="1221" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1gASnhFXJMWS4mRzhzky8bapDsM0epizSJf961llXp8s2tQIFkkOVzbD7tCqajxl450eHsCUTx21wkbJT8GYg_2rVE4BqyGlv3ZYPoPgGHhI0sOfrzESDzZaBSib5KBl4RXg-PrKrjNeD5pBx3bq34a2t-POcRhvrOjxjvF2tKUrqyYgFvdchKzlfzem2/w400-h376/Map-Term-limits-2023-10-FR.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Afrobarometer propose un nouveau sondage sur les brutalités policières :
pour 4 Africains sur 10 la police fait "souvent" ou "toujours" un usage
excessif de la force sur les manifestants et les arrêtés. <span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/the-continent-news_the-continent-issue-140-activity-7126311608997326848-kEyp?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop">Voir la dernière analyse de </a></span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/the-continent-news_the-continent-issue-140-activity-7126311608997326848-kEyp?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop"><span class="r-18u37iz">Afrobarometer</span></a><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/the-continent-news_the-continent-issue-140-activity-7126311608997326848-kEyp?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop"> dans The continent</a>. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXm9I-22ElC6UVtZq5KomtKQMCkuhSQXBzb3-hGEX4JScAkEjJrFjDk9-ckum9CVhSjffa296aWwMAAd7FzsOiTnPVia8MYOdGbn5M1YeSA6p9OPPRQP6zNi2iZogD965bN4n0ZpBlryThPKepo7UWpnOQ9V63rBBFLMXNDiou2Nfm_-rnN-abqL6kCLhf/s1704/F-Evko-XUAAY1xT.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1704" data-original-width="1134" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXm9I-22ElC6UVtZq5KomtKQMCkuhSQXBzb3-hGEX4JScAkEjJrFjDk9-ckum9CVhSjffa296aWwMAAd7FzsOiTnPVia8MYOdGbn5M1YeSA6p9OPPRQP6zNi2iZogD965bN4n0ZpBlryThPKepo7UWpnOQ9V63rBBFLMXNDiou2Nfm_-rnN-abqL6kCLhf/w426-h640/F-Evko-XUAAY1xT.jpg" width="426" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>Publications </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">De nombreux travaux ont montré l'importance que peuvent avoir les artistes dans les mouvements de contestation notamment en Afrique ou la dénonciation des ingérences étrangères (Didier Awadi dans <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjuy7fDkq2CAxW6VaQEHdNiDE4QyCl6BAggEAM&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtDzEb2DTIl8&usg=AOvVaw1mr4ad_7cZVGsgOnxEcCQ8&opi=89978449">son dernier album par exemple</a>). Néanmoins, "peu d’études ont adopté une perspective comparative pour établir une
analyse macro-systémique des réseaux translocaux où ces artistes engagés
se fréquentent, des types de mobilités et de ressources qu’ils
mobilisent, et des contraintes différenciées qu’ils rencontrent", c'est ce que propose <a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-politique-comparee-2023-2-page-39.htm">ici </a>Alice Aterianus-Owanga<span class="auteur"> pour la Revue internationale de politique comparée.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Moussa Bobbo présente <a href="https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/notes-de-lifri/politique-nationale-de-ddr-ex-combattants-de-boko-haram-lextreme-nord">dans cette étude de l'IFR</a>I
le bilan du Programme national de Désarmement, démobilisation et
réinsertion (DDR) créé en 2018 au Cameroun. Il dépeint un bilan sombre
faut de volonté politique et de financement.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Dans son étude " <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjVucrMka2CAxVKSaQEHSNICSMQFnoECBkQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fceri%2Fsites%2Fsciencespo.fr.ceri%2Ffiles%2FEtude_268_269.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1HEVUmeFUnx3Z1es9lNZIp&opi=89978449">Centrafrique : la fabrique d'un autoritarisme</a>"
le sociologue Roland Marchal explore la construction du pouvoir du
Président Faustin-Archange Touadéra. Selon l'auteur, le pays est "un
État déliquescent (...) [qui] sait jouer de ses propres faiblesses et
d'une configuration régionale et internationale particulière pour
aujourd’hui contraindre le champ politique et terroriser sa propre
population en construisant un ennemi forcément étranger et en
instrumentalisant la Russie pour sa pérennisation". </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A retrouver chez Karthala <a href="https://www.karthala.com/accueil/3554-10002-l-enchevetrement-des-crises-au-sahel-niger-mali-burkina-faso.html">"<span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">L'Enchevêtrement des crises au Sahel
Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso</span>" </a>de <span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="r-18u37iz">J'ai hâte de lire cette <a href="https://www.marabout.com/livre/thomas-sankara-rebelle-visionnaire-9782501146593/">BD sur Thomas Sankara</a> (dès que mon chat me l'aura rendu...). On me dit également le plus grand bien du deuxième roman de Kayo Mpoyi, "<a href="https://www.marabout.com/livre/lecho-des-silences-de-mere-9782501171762/">L'echo des silences de Mère</a>". Il est question de mémoire, d'exil, de silence et du Congo. Les fans ne manqueront pas <a href="https://www.gallimard-bd.fr/9782075171175/aya-de-yopougon-1.html">la sortie du 8ème tome </a>des aventures de Aya de Yopougon.<br /></span></p><div class="css-1dbjc4n r-xoduu5"><span class="r-18u37iz"><br /></span></div><div class="css-1dbjc4n r-xoduu5"><span class="r-18u37iz"> </span></div><div class="css-1dbjc4n r-xoduu5"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMJa9VLUlKv4SdmGXp-Bhr37v-zzONu_DL6iAMxtrWTlOG9xWOz8y5KwHNUg3-m7ndKsKPjFIEH98JSZAEHaWq6vwzYaaVJJubDfCwudJtfQqW1dZ9hyphenhyphenKmoCcfHq2UYbtPhGon4lgTuc9mjc3a_Tuz_UQxKLnahN0ZHfa96F2reXSixno1Qub9Uvn6nMy9/s1998/WhatsApp%20Image%202023-11-05%20at%203.17.50%20PM(1).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1332" data-original-width="1998" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMJa9VLUlKv4SdmGXp-Bhr37v-zzONu_DL6iAMxtrWTlOG9xWOz8y5KwHNUg3-m7ndKsKPjFIEH98JSZAEHaWq6vwzYaaVJJubDfCwudJtfQqW1dZ9hyphenhyphenKmoCcfHq2UYbtPhGon4lgTuc9mjc3a_Tuz_UQxKLnahN0ZHfa96F2reXSixno1Qub9Uvn6nMy9/w400-h266/WhatsApp%20Image%202023-11-05%20at%203.17.50%20PM(1).jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span class="r-18u37iz"><br /></span></div><div class="css-1dbjc4n r-xoduu5" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="r-18u37iz">Dans <a href="https://x.com/BerthoElara/status/1721191292682534989?s=20">ce tweet </a></span><a href="https://x.com/BerthoElara/status/1721191292682534989?s=20"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 css-1hf3ou5 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">Elara Bertho</span></span> </a>nous présente quelques œuvres contemporaines actuellement exposées <span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-poiln3 r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0" style="text-overflow: unset;">au <a href="https://mcn.sn/">Musée des civilisations noires de Daka</a>r. </span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Paris, France48.856614 2.352221920.546380163821155 -32.8040281 77.166847836178846 37.5084719tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-64747985829676851562021-02-14T18:25:00.001+01:002021-02-14T18:43:21.835+01:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (16) <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">“<i>I am not African because I was born in Africa but because Africa was
born in me</i>.” Kwame Nkrumah </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><b>Bilan </b><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Comme tous les ans <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2021/02/africa-elections-all-upcoming-votes/">African Arguments propose un tour d'horizon </a>des élections à venir sur le continent africain : </span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5bzGShMPMEcWZLXJ24bJZL3ByIBDoVbUZWEeApnUYq3QHfbeoH60Jw16lveBJiTVEmmJGxwwwi4-AJC4YG3yz_815yV2omL0IoI3ddMKZDS7ZTf-6JOlWjvhtd_TUJ0WX3T6w4Eg0p5Hp/s313/Image9.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="313" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5bzGShMPMEcWZLXJ24bJZL3ByIBDoVbUZWEeApnUYq3QHfbeoH60Jw16lveBJiTVEmmJGxwwwi4-AJC4YG3yz_815yV2omL0IoI3ddMKZDS7ZTf-6JOlWjvhtd_TUJ0WX3T6w4Eg0p5Hp/w400-h326/Image9.png" width="400" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">En 2020,</span> le continent africain a connu u<a href="https://africacenter.org/spotlight/spike-militant-islamist-violence-africa-shifting-security-landscape/">ne hausse de 43% des violences djihadistes en Afrique</a>. La violence s'est concentrée sur la Somalie (où <a href="https://twitter.com/somalianalyst/status/1359812393556148227">Al Shabaab contrôle de nombreuses villes</a>), le <a href="https://africacenter.org/publication/puzzle-jnim-militant-islamist-groups-sahel/">Sahel</a>,
dans le bassin du lac Tchad (<a href="https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1357758771272028160">thread à lire</a>), au Mozambique et en Égypte. On lira <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/islamic-state-mozambique?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=5fbb1a562081e954e36b116cfe0dea3eb3f9158d-1613322101-0-AUQgKOVefYCG3Z-F2M6LC3SRPZJFEd1y7NnajeaGRRtapuhtXWa4Ve-_a-yxd--JotU67_ET7WoLsh51c1XSXxy6987vbvH49t6mX46_sFNW4MAeR6VZjWwlgRQKHs5swXm3i8f7RqO9KHukCGCFWZtkI-6tRUMy1T9Sz7JRKKaaUjaST6-M4xVfUyrcADKdfQ2Uu9kNF_dUEppnorHcGQ9u7mqrrAv8jRmWBWTDdDYMEWrQq_SiR-m1h_fs0y1HL_kGXJYMhj3EaOWe2uL2t1dOFv_flq7iz-B6lVrxzsCjQ35pTM7NhR6sfOeJfPiBqsWt82rJG9ZwU7m1HeHp37kBbohb9kxxou13Xplwbcr1NxJatmQwmVWxq6tFXGiPltIA7MvyUXVztnTnJ_nRICQ">cet article</a> sur l'Etat islamique au Mozambique. L'Afrique est également l<a href="https://mg.co.za/africa/2021-02-01-africa-the-only-continent-where-political-violence-increased-in-2020/?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1612730374">'unique continent où les violences politiques </a>se sont accrues en 2020.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBPioJfUwa5vzFuNjsgKTaWTdz4Jjtaaig6aMZ8l99CJ_lXLdYxfcm7iuKbXgE6BgD-4Dh4JX_uaKFm9gcnhfsGkqO2q4iRS1JCCsEUkvKPz2b65VpBJG3Ok_ZfGs55QbnzA8_Sz77M7gk/s1202/Militant-islamist-groups-in-Africa-02-02-update.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="924" data-original-width="1202" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBPioJfUwa5vzFuNjsgKTaWTdz4Jjtaaig6aMZ8l99CJ_lXLdYxfcm7iuKbXgE6BgD-4Dh4JX_uaKFm9gcnhfsGkqO2q4iRS1JCCsEUkvKPz2b65VpBJG3Ok_ZfGs55QbnzA8_Sz77M7gk/w400-h308/Militant-islamist-groups-in-Africa-02-02-update.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sur l’é<a href="https://onedrive.live.com/?authkey=%21AAd47LtYddEIrQU&cid=5BDE91DF728AAB26&id=5BDE91DF728AAB26%219492&parId=5BDE91DF728AAB26%219493&o=OneUp">volution des systèmes politiques</a> en Afrique du Sud, au Nigéria,
en Ethiopie, au Ghana, au Kenya : </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWTu18pZyN-s9Nn1sFlwpUMA_xHiBuQOJOJMg4U04xpDxamI6ALTWdsv6p84KOHPRqVYkOLGNFvT77cswAhJG_D7ui6T_eNH1K9o85grxDgh5ZtATqb8FTMAS2Ls7B_MhINtG6EqykboPe/s605/Image2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="605" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWTu18pZyN-s9Nn1sFlwpUMA_xHiBuQOJOJMg4U04xpDxamI6ALTWdsv6p84KOHPRqVYkOLGNFvT77cswAhJG_D7ui6T_eNH1K9o85grxDgh5ZtATqb8FTMAS2Ls7B_MhINtG6EqykboPe/w400-h211/Image2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dans les mêmes Etats, l'évolution des budgets de défense et des personnels dans l'armée : </span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzZbbQlBw31ByCC2xH0-EYC3EhDUnGo8vlu0baC5gmzz7a4uwNvFnmzqk1FJWEiVof0PEXmB0iB_V3ls3xz3u0n3fVZ6CWgI6cISl3UX5RDXY4Q5ir1p6td2ezN6HnGrOVJ8R6O2y451GX/s907/Image3.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="907" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzZbbQlBw31ByCC2xH0-EYC3EhDUnGo8vlu0baC5gmzz7a4uwNvFnmzqk1FJWEiVof0PEXmB0iB_V3ls3xz3u0n3fVZ6CWgI6cISl3UX5RDXY4Q5ir1p6td2ezN6HnGrOVJ8R6O2y451GX/w400-h204/Image3.png" width="400" /></a></div><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Avez-vous pris
connaissance du dernier numéro d'Afrique contemporaine (bien que daté en 2019)
? Un super opus coordonné par <a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-5.htm">Nicolas Donner </a>(magnifique éditorial) et <a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-9.htm">MarieMiran-Guyon</a> (qui signe une non moins brillante introduction) sur " le fait
urbain".</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPyE7Z8EjWXXTnuPwElTIcBEHZxL5kgu06KzCAoNatAgmRcXwaLtzL7s_W3j5vQb9St15cHKz8FxD78Pys85mE-lvjYdkY5mUhQj2mtmdzi9SSEysIMSUqO3ohQvY5dT9Kx_kfMmk6SGrr/s360/Image4.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="246" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPyE7Z8EjWXXTnuPwElTIcBEHZxL5kgu06KzCAoNatAgmRcXwaLtzL7s_W3j5vQb9St15cHKz8FxD78Pys85mE-lvjYdkY5mUhQj2mtmdzi9SSEysIMSUqO3ohQvY5dT9Kx_kfMmk6SGrr/s320/Image4.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le numéro nous
fait voyager de Ouagadougou à Mogadiscio en passant par Kinshasa et Nairobi. </span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Je vous recommande la lecture de cet article en
particulier:"<a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-205.htm">Precarious labour–Precarious lives Photographic glimpses from
displaced people in </a></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-205.htm">Somali</a><span class="css-901oao"><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-205.htm">"cities</a>"
de Jutta Bakonyi, Peter Chonka. Une exposition que j'ai pu découvrir en 2019 en
</span>Ethiopie<span class="css-901oao"> avec le Rift Valley Institute.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Découvrez également cette
"<a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-323.htm">Question de recherche</a>" : « L’irrésistible essor des jeux
d’argent dans les villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Enquêtes à </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dakar<span class="css-901oao"> et </span>Abidjan<span class="css-901oao"> " de Ababacar
Fall, Marthe Koffi-Didia, Marie Redon.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> J'y signe aussi une
recension de l'ouvrage de Beth Elise Whitaker et John F. Clark : "<a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-366.htm">Africa’s
International Relations. </a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-afrique-contemporaine-2019-1-page-366.htm">Balancing Domestic and Global
Interests</a>".</span></div><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il faut
lire l’article de Didier Péclard <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <span class="css-901oao">V<a href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-833">iolent conflict and State formation in Africa</a>” publié dans le
Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics et enfin accessible en ligne
gratuitement.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b> </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Sahel </b> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Félicitations à Dougoukolo Alpha Oumar Ba Konaré qui publie
« <a href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793602664?fbclid=IwAR0aVWKkwpdy91kFvWaNtZhyVoHd6yPlcZV88yWaVaMct5d84qMhGa7e6wY">National Narratives of Mali. Fula Communities in Times of Crisis</a> ».
Il présente l’objectif de cet ouvrage :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>« <span class="d2edcug0">partager les récits nationaux de l’Etat
malien, et de les confronter aux récits et ressentis des communautés peules en
moments de tourments. Qu’est-ce qui est vrai? Qu’est-ce qui blesse? Est-ce
important? Comment se comprendre? Et comment s’entendre et se soigner? »</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="d2edcug0"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQks-83aNc67J1JcjKwu3mn5k27iGGIlumpATVZFKTvcPOvHXCAdRVW8Q_pW0r2Pzr1T_49ErNlYy0nBONLIBLlByeEQWul1rqJ3HiP2J455w2f0p1kwUE2ErQMWQb78_4Ii_9ujn2FEMD/s960/baba.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="616" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQks-83aNc67J1JcjKwu3mn5k27iGGIlumpATVZFKTvcPOvHXCAdRVW8Q_pW0r2Pzr1T_49ErNlYy0nBONLIBLlByeEQWul1rqJ3HiP2J455w2f0p1kwUE2ErQMWQb78_4Ii_9ujn2FEMD/w256-h400/baba.jpg" width="256" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<![endif]--><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le Bulletin</span></span><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"> du Centre
Franco Paix</span> <span class="css-901oao">publie un n<a href="https://bit.ly/3jcgG5H">uméro spécial coup d'État
au </a></span><a href="https://bit.ly/3jcgG5H">Mali</a><span class="css-901oao">, 4 articles, 2 entretiens avec Moustapha
Dicko & Nicolas Normand.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="css-901oao">Afrique de l'Est/Corne de l'Afrique </span></span></b><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="d2edcug0"><span class="d2edcug0"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span></span><span class="css-901oao">Il faut lire ce rapport de Michaela Collord pour l'IFRI : "<a href="https://urlz.fr/eTlZ">Tanzania's 2020 Election. Return of the One-Party State</a>".</span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="css-901oao"><span class="css-901oao"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">C’est quoi concrètement la Corne de l’Afrique ? Pourquoi cette région de
l’Afrique connaît-elle autant de tensions en ce moment ? Au moment où
l’Éthiopie est occupée à combattre au Tigré, le Soudan en a profité pour s’accaparer
des terres disputées à la frontière. Le conflit au Tigré est-il en train de
s’internationaliser ? Le siège de l’Union africaine est à Addis Abeba, capitale
éthiopienne. Pourquoi avoir choisi cette ville et quel rôle joue l’Ethiopie au
sein du continent ? Quel rôle joue Djibouti au sein de la Corne et pourquoi
attire-t-il autant les grandes puissances ? Certaines ont des bases militaires
sur son territoire. Un ensemble de questions sur la région auxquelles j’ai pu
répondre dans l’émission <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40rn5zfOqoA">Arrêt sur le monde du CERIUM</a>.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></p>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/economie-africaine/du-bateau-a-l-avion-djibouti-et-l-ethiopie-s-allient-pour-devenir-la-plaque-tournante-du-fret-en-afrique_4275051.html">Ethiopian Airlines et Air Djibouti sesont associées avec le port de Djibouti</a> afin de proposer un hub de fret
aéro-maritime depuis l'aéroport de Djibouti. Un collègue nous explique sur Twitter
que « </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">C'est aussi une manière de contenir les éventuelles ambitions de Air
Djibouti et aussi d'assurer un contrôle sur le port de Djibouti ». Sur l'économie éthiopienne on lira : <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-the-ethiopian-economy-9780198814986?cc=fi&lang=en">Oxford Handbook of the Ethiopian Economy</a>.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Link"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
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</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">En décembre, l'IGAD a nommé une équipe d’observateurs qui a rendu son rapport sur les tensions frontalières entre la Somalie et le Kenya. La Somalie a estimé que ce rapport était trop favorable à Nairobi.</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Les caricatures d'Amin Art savent si bien décrire la réalité (Merci à Cala pour
la traduction) :</span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Uhuru: ``Je vois la Somalie revenir!``
Guelleh: `` Je vois rien a l`horizon. Est-ce que tu hallucines!``</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span>
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHHImrS-Lt0q5JIcQOf06hQ05aNYAA-fRpKf6TWSqrY3JtswJ5rUXZ4MFWFSn1i18ppI-Jas5laVdoN7zw-chPdknS_BCQlzmrbE0Nth2k2ZG418FWBZrpOls1J9OSazufhlV2cZqlimnk/s600/Image8.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="600" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHHImrS-Lt0q5JIcQOf06hQ05aNYAA-fRpKf6TWSqrY3JtswJ5rUXZ4MFWFSn1i18ppI-Jas5laVdoN7zw-chPdknS_BCQlzmrbE0Nth2k2ZG418FWBZrpOls1J9OSazufhlV2cZqlimnk/w400-h259/Image8.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Très bel article dans Le Monde sur les anciennes colonies italiennes <a href=""Quand des bateaux remplis de migrants érythréens sont secourus ou coulent avant d’être sauvés, qui rappelle que l’Erythrée, nous l’appelions “l’aînée des colonies” ? »" ">ICI.</a></span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Je vous recommande ce<a href="http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Blanche/Le-passeur2"> formidable premier roman de Stéphanie Coste</a>. Elle raconte le destin croisé de migrants
venus d'</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Érythrée<span class="css-901oao"> et de leur bourreau - lui-même érythréen
- sur une plage libyenne...</span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Les EAU auraient -ils évacué leur base
d’Assab en Erythrée ? </span></span>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tigray<span class="css-901oao"> en novembre dont la peinture permet de les identifier comme
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réfugiés érythréens en Éthiopie avant le déclenchement du conflit dans la
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Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
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<![endif]--><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Voici le dernier rapport du <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/02/11/ethiopia-unlawful-shelling-tigray-urban-areas">Human Right Watch </a>sur la situation sanitaire en Ethiopie. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Parce que c'est toujours un plaisir de
revenir à ses racines et de pouvoir échanger avec le plus grand quotidien régional
de France (et le journal de mon enfance) voici u<a href=" https://ouest-france.fr/monde/ethiopie/entretien-conflit-en-ethiopie-le-risque-c-est-l-enlisement-au-tigre-7132710">ne interview sur la situation
actuelle dans le nord de l'Ethiopie</a>. La <a href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/11/ethiopia-how-stop-ethnic-nationalism-conflict-constitution/">dévolution </a>est-elle une solution au conflit ? Pour l'<a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/167-finding-path-peace-ethiopias-tigray-region">ICG </a>les troupes érythréennes et amhara doivent se retirer du Tigray, le gouvernement doit permmettre l'accès aux populations et débuter un dialogue inclusive. Le Premier ministre éthiopien<a href="https://www.foreignlobby.com/2021/02/11/ethiopia-hires-lobbying-help-amid-dual-threats-from-egypt-human-rights-sanctions/"> tente de rétablir son image </a>de Prix Nobel de la paix et propose <a href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1120111/politique/tribune-vers-un-ordre-pacifique-dans-la-corne-de-lafrique/">une Tribune dans Jeune Afrique</a> :"Vers un ordre pacifique dans la Corne de l'Afrique". Il faut lire ce numéro de la revue Médiévale consacré à "</span></span>É<a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-medievales-2020-2.htm">thiopie, Nubie, Égypte. Pouvoirs chrétiens et musulmans (XI<sup>e</sup>-XV<sup>e</sup> siècle)</a>".</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="css-901oao"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://carnegie-mec.org/publications/83867?utm_source=feedly&utm_medium=rss">Point de vue soudanais</a> sur les développements récents du
différends sur le GERD et sur le conflit pour le<a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55476831"> triangle d'Al-Fashaga</a>. Lisez cet article sur le pouvoir politique et <a href="http://www.futuredams.org/politics-power-and-ambition-in-ethiopias-electricity-sector/">le secteur de l'électricité</a> en Ethiopie. Sur les relations entre l'Ethiopie et la Russie (<a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/global-perspectives-ethiopia-russia-relations">ICI</a>). <br /></span></p>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Très heureuse de
publier avec mon ancienne collègue de l’IRSEM Fatiha Dazi-Héni cette note <span class="css-901oao">"<a href="https://www.irsem.fr/institut/actualites/research-paper-no-75-translation.html">The Red Sea: New spaces of interdependent securityissues between countries of the Gulf and of the Horn of Africa</a>”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Cette semaine le Président djiboutien était en visite en France afin, notamment, de renégocier les <a href="https://twitter.com/Ilyasdawaleh/status/1360558141172310019?s=03">accords de défense</a> et de rencontrer le <a href="https://twitter.com/IsmailOguelleh/status/1359996070982483969?s=03">MEDEF</a>. Voici quelques échanges sur le sujet : <a href="https://www.africaradio.com/news/djibouti-ismael-omar-guelleh-recu-par-emmanuel-macron-180969">ICI </a><a href="https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/djibouti-confetti-a-haute-valeur-strategique-pour-paris-et-bien-d-autres-10-02-2021-2413456_24.php">ICI </a>et <a href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/invit%C3%A9-afrique/20210212-sonia-le-gouriellec ">ICI <br /></a></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span class="css-901oao"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUT0QGkceuqjr9Cx2kXVGl8MJePkulqo0TQHtwPJ8AiYsJUC1stMkD08toE-ZxLfchZbAO2DBaqux4WcKJBqgCXZPavO2KmRojqnbGZuQgVJynTPFW1amF6t3h7ZrBkljfOTQbkpWVJz0D/s960/EuGsafOWQAMrSby.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="663" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUT0QGkceuqjr9Cx2kXVGl8MJePkulqo0TQHtwPJ8AiYsJUC1stMkD08toE-ZxLfchZbAO2DBaqux4WcKJBqgCXZPavO2KmRojqnbGZuQgVJynTPFW1amF6t3h7ZrBkljfOTQbkpWVJz0D/w276-h400/EuGsafOWQAMrSby.jpg" width="276" /></a></div><br /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /> </span><br /><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-51129729295483537672020-09-13T08:11:00.008+02:002020-09-13T08:30:04.170+02:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (15) <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Sahel </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sur
son blog Alex Thurston propose <a href="https://sahelblog.wordpress.com/2020/09/07/recent-analyses-of-the-sahel-conflicts-and-relevant-themes/">une
série d’articles</a> paru récemment sur les conflits dans le Sahel. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il
faut lire l’article de Dougoukolo Alpha Oumar Ba Konaré, « <a href="https://www.afri-ct.org/article/le-centre-du-mali-entre-djihadisme-et-ethnocentrisme/">Le
centre du Mali entre djihadisme et ethnocentrisme </a>», dans la dernière édition
de l’AFRI.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Pour Isaline
Bergamaschi <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/09/09/la-crise-que-traverse-le-mali-signe-aussi-l-echec-de-decennies-d-intervention-internationale_6051537_3212.html">dans
Le Monde </a>: « <i>Les pratiques dénoncées sous ATT ont perduré sous
IBK. La crise que traverse le Mali n’est pas seulement une crise de l’Etat
malien ou de la faillite de sa classe politique depuis la démocratisation en
1992. Elle signe aussi l’échec de décennies d’intervention internationale à
travers la promotion d’un modèle de développement extraverti dans lequel les
acteurs internationaux finissent par faire partie de l’Etat avec toutes les
ambiguïtés que cela peut engendrer</i> ».</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">A voir également la <span class="css-901oao"><a href="https://t.co/VaRcEPIBJz?amp=1">contribution de Wassim
Nasr</a></span> <span class="css-901oao">au sujet de la relation entre l’</span>EI<span class="css-901oao"> / </span>JNIM,<span class="css-901oao"> </span>AQMI<span class="css-901oao"> au </span>Sahel<span class="css-901oao">, l’impact des
négociations entre </span>AQ<span class="css-901oao"> et </span>Bamako<span class="css-901oao">, la position de la </span>France<span class="css-901oao"> et
les perspectives pour les mouvements jihadistes dans la région. Sur la présence française, on lira également le chapitre d'Alain Antil dans le dernier Ramsès : </span><span class="css-901oao">"<a href="https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/ramses/sommaires-de-ramses/ramses-2021-grand-basculement" target="_blank">Sahel : le sommet de Pau est-il un tournant ?</a>"</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Nina Wilen et Pierre
Dehaene publient un rapport très intéressant : « <a href="https://t.co/tODevoyhBk?amp=1">Challenges
with Security Force Assistance in Niger: Understanding Local Context and
Aligning Interests </a>». </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Sur la réforme
du secteur de la sécurité, on tirera des leçons du Libéria avec cet article « <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21520844.2020.1798672">A
Force for Good”: Army-Building After War in Liberia </a>». L’auteur « <i>identifies
three central mechanisms from the literature and evaluates them using evidence
from a case study of post-conflict army-building in Liberia. The findings show
that the voluntary nature of cooperation matters strongly for the successful
outcome in Liberia, as does donor identity, albeit differently than as
predicted by theory. The role of local ownership receives somewhat weak
support, however, which is surprising in light of its importance in the
literature. These results have significant implications for theories of
statebuilding and security assistance policie</i> ».</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">Les éditions
de l’IRD publient « <a href="https://www.ird.fr/conflits-et-violences-dans-le-bassin-du-lac-tchad-un-ouvrage-collectif-publie-aux-editions-de-lird?fbclid=IwAR17lwM0IbaIiBrPYMwJgdEjKV_9rX1squBKsXH_7A8RM9g57MbyM_nwZ38">Conflits
et violences dans le bassin du lac Tchad </a>», un ouvrage collectif réalisé
par les chercheurs du réseau Méga-Tchad, sous la direction d’Emmanuel Chauvin,
Olivier Langlois, Christian Seignobos et Catherine Baroin : « <i>il
montre la diversité des insécurités - de la violence ordinaire à la guerre -,
leur profondeur historique, ainsi que les enjeux économiques et politiques qui
les sous-tendent</i> ».</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao">Les attaques contre les élèves, les enseignants et les écoles
se multiplient dans le Sahel selon <a href="https://t.co/wZAVdeyhZ7?amp=1">Human
Rights Watch.</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span class="css-901oao"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Hasnaa Mokaddem et Nihal El Mquirmi nous <a href="https://www.policycenter.ma/publications/egyptian-and-ethiopian-perspectives-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam">rappellent
l’historique du contentieux entre l’Egypte et l’Ethiopie</a> sur la
construction du GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance </span>Dam). Sur le GERD <a href="https://www.voanews.com/episode/africa-update-ethiopiagerdchina-spying-4394601">on
écoutera</a> également Judd Devermont (Center for Strategic and International
Studies) et Joshua Meservey (Heritage Foundation).</p>
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Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L’Ethiopie
et l’Egypte semble avoir trouvé un terrain périphérique d’opposition... <a href="https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2020/09/06/somalilands-new-cold-war-diplomacy/">au
Somaliland</a>.</span><span class="css-901oao"> Roland
Marchal livre <a href="https://cutt.ly/gfQfcoh">son analyse</a> sur les deux
dernières années de "paix" entre l’Ethiopie et l’Erythrée. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">La région du Tigray a <a href="https://www.france24.com/fr/20200909-ethiopie-anim%C3%A9-par-un-esprit-d-ind%C3%A9pendance-le-tigr%C3%A9-maintient-ses-%C3%A9lections">organisé
des élections parlementaires</a>, malgré leur report au niveau national, qualifiées
d ‘«inconstitutionnelles» et d’ «illégales» par le Premier ministre Abiy, ces élections
font craindre une disclocation de l’Ethiopie. L’<a href="http://ow.ly/xEHa50BjF0Q">ISS invite</a> à s’inspirer des dialogues de
réconciliations nationales expérimenté chez les voisins de l’Ethiopie.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Le dernier numéro de <a href="https://polaf.hypotheses.org/7033">Politique
Africaine</a> est consacré au Soudan.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Comment
le maintien de la paix a-t-il évolué depuis une décennie ? Selon <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-peace-and-conflict-africa-then-and-now">Comfort
Ero</a>, dans la Corne, les problèmes persistent mais l’UA s’affirme et les
Etats-Unis perdent de leur influence au profit des Africains eux-mêmes, des
États du Golfe, de la Chine, et de la Turquie entre autres. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Hâte de découvrir cette publication même s’il semble difficile de
savoir comment se la procurer : </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMl1cvdkRnX4zEuaChQ8U1ZiMNcxSbwZZWyWKxGOkff6Ys2qnVTdkNVDEDqloBjmNNeKjzVp_xBM1BPyY6MEfS2Nc-WBFb5Yqv8dgSuDCiKV6N5VnkWm8BjWnzbAXEZSJDv7I-dENnX4Xs/s900/eth.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMl1cvdkRnX4zEuaChQ8U1ZiMNcxSbwZZWyWKxGOkff6Ys2qnVTdkNVDEDqloBjmNNeKjzVp_xBM1BPyY6MEfS2Nc-WBFb5Yqv8dgSuDCiKV6N5VnkWm8BjWnzbAXEZSJDv7I-dENnX4Xs/s320/eth.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chine,
Russie, Etats-Unis en Afrique </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment
les Africains perçoivent la Chine ? C’est la <a href="http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/africa-china_relations-3sept20.pdf">question
posée par Afrobarometers dans 18 pays africains en 2019/2020</a>. Afrobarometers
a comparé les réactions à la Chine et aux États-Unis. Lorsqu'on leur a demandé qui
de la Chine ou des États-Unis étaient le meilleur modèle pour le développement
futur de leur pays, 32% des sondés ont répondu les États-Unis et 23% ont
répondu la Chine. Lorsqu'on leur a demandé si l'influence économique et
politique des États-Unis et de la Chine dans chaque pays était majoritairement
positive ou majoritairement négative, 59% avaient une vision majoritairement
positive de la Chine et 15% une vision majoritairement négative. Dans le cas
des États-Unis, 58% avaient une opinion plutôt positive et 13% une opinion
principalement négative. Afrobarometer nous donne accès aux slide de son
webinar « <a href="http://afrobarometer.org/media-briefings/afrobarometer-voicesafrica-china-africa-engagement-webinar-presentation">African
citizens' perceptions on Africa-China engagement </a>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN6ZwKeT-6e_mbNXmQSf_brxCGdTC7s6XnHRMeqxh_1Y0N89BXvLhyphenhyphenekNTbnXu7djh-MLNzaVbgIv-IUWhgNe7t4jP5Xf_8c4NeO5VKn9GEE2rcLsCVUAr21-tym7c_LppKkTeY3nGqz_N/s986/Chine.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="986" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN6ZwKeT-6e_mbNXmQSf_brxCGdTC7s6XnHRMeqxh_1Y0N89BXvLhyphenhyphenekNTbnXu7djh-MLNzaVbgIv-IUWhgNe7t4jP5Xf_8c4NeO5VKn9GEE2rcLsCVUAr21-tym7c_LppKkTeY3nGqz_N/w400-h260/Chine.png" width="400" /></a></div><p><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On
lira le dernier article de Folashadé SOULÉ, « <a href="https://www.afri-ct.org/article/politiques-bureaucratiques-et-asymetrie-dans-les-negociations-afrique-chine/">Politiques
bureaucratiques et asymétrie dans les négociations Afrique-Chine </a>»,
dans la dernière édition de l’AFRI. Elle y propose une analyse des politiques
bureaucratiques de négociation des petits États engagés dans des relations
asymétriques avec les grands États. Elle étudie notamment les tactiques de
négociation et les manœuvres des acteurs d’un petit État africain
francophone, le Bénin, lors des négociations de contrats d’infrastructure
avec la Chine. </span></p>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La <i>Stanford International Policy Review</i> a publié
une analyse "</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://fsi.stanford.edu/sipr/content/sipr-lema-and-ngwenya" target="_blank"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">China's Role in Regional Integration in Africa: The
Case of East African Community</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">" par Abdou Rahim Lema et Samu Ngwenya. On
comprend que le soutien apporté à la Chine aux infrastructures au sein de l’EAC
joue un rôle primordial dans la mobilité transfrontalière de la main-d'œuvre,
des capitaux et des biens mais ses politiques commerciales envers l’EAC menacent
les perspectives d'intégration de la région en mettant en péril le commerce
intrarégional et en augmentant le déséquilibre commercial de ces pays avec la
Chine. On lira également <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8268.12441">cet
article</a> dont l’objectif est « <i>provides an empirical estimate of the
effect that upgrading of roads along the two main transit routes in the East
African Community (EAC) had on the total bilateral trade costs facing
manufacturing industries (…) This study estimates that the increase in the
quality of transit roads lowered both domestic and cross‐border trade costs,
and that the latter effect is larger than the former. The study also finds that
the increase in trade volumes due to better transit roads is attributable to
industries producing output with above median weight. These industries dominate
the EAC manufacturing sector, suggesting that a compositional change in
cross‐border trade flows arising from better transit roads is unlikely.</i> ».</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">La majorité des africains qui entament des études hors du continent <a href="https://mg.co.za/education/2020-09-05-where-do-africans-study-abroad/">se
rendent en Chine</a> : « <i>every year between 2011 and 2016 the number of
African students that went to China on average grew 14% faster than the number
of Asian students studying in that country. (…) During the same period the
number of African students choosing to study abroad grew by 111%</i> ».</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/africa-china_relations-3sept20.pdf">L’US
Africa Command va-t-il déménagé </a>? Actuellement situé à Stuttgart il
pourrait être relocalisé en Italie, en Espagne, en Belgique ou au Royaume Uni.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Le Royal United Services Institute a publié une étude "<a href="https://rusi.org/commentary/russia-takes-its-syrian-model-counterinsurgency-africa?utm_source=RUSI+Newsletter&utm_campaign=25cd6963b6-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_09_10_09_43&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_0c9bbb5ef0-25cd6963b6-46319417">Russia
Takes Its Syrian Model of Counterinsurgency to Africa</a>" par Samuel
Ramani. Depuis 2015 et son intervention en Syrie en soutien à Bachar al-Assad,
la Russie a conceptualisé un « modèle syrien de contrinsurrection »
qui pourrait être appliqué sur le continent africain. La stabilité autoritaire est
privilégiée et serait la méthode la plus efficace contre l'extrémisme. Le
retour de la Russie en Afrique est-il <a href="https://republic.com.ng/august-september-2020/a-new-imperialism/">un
nouvel impérialisme ?</a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Economie</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Quels sont les effets de la crise sanitaire sur les
<i>remittances </i>? A voir dans <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jwxbCF9rck&feature=youtu.be">cette
vidéo</a>. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Foreign policy propose <a href="https://globalresponseindex.foreignpolicy.com/?_ga=2.214908567.1254193823.1599419015-212624048.1595764464">un
classement mondial</a> des réponses à la crise et le Sénégal arrive 2ème juste
après la Nouvelle Zélande…</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg72EEvT-kT7m2scmog2FzsoK0w0ZCwvyZ0A_07I_NNd6RoYTaqp9C7ikFP-a9jy6okY51o1wwngpmXRINjDYBQ5ZcC55CD4N5zeBFnDXXHb7KLXCFDJxcfVhbNBaO1roIPLWNzHYB7I3HM/s1844/COV.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="1844" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg72EEvT-kT7m2scmog2FzsoK0w0ZCwvyZ0A_07I_NNd6RoYTaqp9C7ikFP-a9jy6okY51o1wwngpmXRINjDYBQ5ZcC55CD4N5zeBFnDXXHb7KLXCFDJxcfVhbNBaO1roIPLWNzHYB7I3HM/w500-h226/COV.png" width="500" /></a></div><p></p>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il est fascinant d’apprendre que sur
27 000 articles publiés dans des revues académiques d’économie : <span class="css-901oao">"45<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vGpzi_">% of
all economics journal articles ... are about five countries accounting for just
16% of the continent’s population</a>."</span></span></p>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Divers </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">J’ai
découvert ce nouveau projet (en français et en anglais) : “<a href="https://t.co/yU9A6UOH1e?amp=1">The Africa I Know</a>” qui vise « à
changer positivement le récit sur l’Afrique ».</span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">En 1960, dix-sept pays du continent sont
devenus indépendants. Pour cet anniversaire, le New York Times a ressuscité <a href="https://t.co/AdfHD5Ys6q?amp=1">des photos de cette période</a>. <a href="https://t.co/Z12HbezpGz?amp=1">Quinze discours d'indépendance</a> qui ont
marqué l'histoire africaine. </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">A écouter également : « <a href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/podcast/29020/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-decolonization">What
We Talk About When We Talk About Decolonization </a>» </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jamais un livre ne s’était intéressé aux <a href="https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/50352/1/afrosurf-first-book-to-extensively-document-african-surfers-culture">surfers
africains</a> et à leur culture, c’est fait ! </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il faut <a href="https://t.co/2QWwMh9T8E?amp=1">écouter</a>
"Des Amazones du Dahomey aux indépendances africaines", l'hommage sur
France Culture à l'historienne Hélène d'Almeida-Topor de Catherine
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Odile Goerg et de Chislain Moupebele Makadjoka. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Voici une <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/07/on-the-frontline-against-covid-19-in-ethiopia-a-photo-essay?CMP=share_btn_tw">magnifique
série de photos</a> sur les personnels soignants éthiopiens qui luttent contre
la pandémie de Covid 19. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Annonces,
AAC, etc </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="break-words">Ne
manquez pas de vous connecter <a href="https://lnkd.in/dWSycmT">à la page
Facebook</a> de l'Association Béninoise d'Etudes Stratégiques et de Sécurité
(ABESS).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><a href="https://forms.gle/F4CMjBYGLqKgSybC9">L’African Politics Conference Group
(APCG)</a> reçoit les propositions de communications pour son colloque en ligne.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">La Revue
africaine de développement</span> (</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Groupe de la
Banque africaine de développement</span>)</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> invite à
soumettre des articles pour un numéro spécial sur</span> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">“</span><a href="La%20Revue%20africaine%20de%20développement,%20l'une%20des%20publications%20phares%20du%20Groupe%20de%20la%20Banque%20africaine%20de%20développement,%20consacrée%20à%20l'étude%20et%20à%20l'analyse%20de%20la%20politique%20de%20développement%20en%20Afrique,%20invite%20à%20soumettre%20des%20articles%20pour%20un%20numéro%20spécial%20sur%20%20“l’impact%20du%20Covid-19%20sur%20les%20économies%20africaines%22.">l’impact
du Covid-19 sur les économies africaines</a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">".</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="MsoHyperlink">Vous
pouvez <a href="http://silkroadfutures.net/">envoyer vos abstracts</a> pour l’ICAS
Kyoto 2021 pour le panel « </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The Silk
Road: Crafting global futures, global pasts</span> » à </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tim Winter, </span><a href="mailto:tim.winter@uwa.edu.au">tim.winter@uwa.edu.au</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="MsoHyperlink">Appel à chapitre
pour l’ouvrage « </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Old Wine in New Bottles: The New
Scramble for Africa</span> ». Les éditeurs précisent : « </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">We are interested in contributions that discuss, challenge
or interrogate issues relating to the activities of China and Euro-American
powers and their institutions on the African continent. </span>( …) </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">If you are interested in contributing to this volume,
please submit an abstract of 500 to 800 words and a brief CV (not more than two
pages) to Bekeh Ukelina (bekeh.ukelina@cortland.edu) by November 1, 2020</span> »</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pour recevoir cette lettre directement par mail
rendez-vous sur la colonne de droite : "Suivez l'actualité du blog par
mail".</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-88614728485207014512020-09-06T09:34:00.003+02:002020-09-06T09:34:34.154+02:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (14)<b>Sahel</b><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Après le coup d’Etat au Mali, l’ICG retrace la chronologie des
faits, identifie les erreurs commises et suggère une sortie de crise <a href="https://t.co/z9iEq4iPf8?amp=1">ICI</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dans <a href="https://globalbrief.ca/2020/09/la-cedeao-au-defi-de-la-crise-malienne/">cet
article Niagalé Bagayoko</a> interroge<i> </i>« <i>la pertinence et
l’efficience des cadres de gestion et de résolution des conflits instaurés </i>»
au Mali depuis 2012 et dans la région. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Était-il évident que ce coup d’Etat allait subvenir ? Cette
rhétorique est trop facile explique Yvan Guichaoua dans <a href="https://twitter.com/YGuichaoua/status/1296351374318469120">ce Thread</a>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Marc Antoine Pérouse de Montclos et Camille Noûs <a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-cultures-et-conflits-2020-1-page-97.htm">montrent
dans cet article que</a> « <i>les écoles coraniques s’avèrent ne pas avoir
joué non plus de rôle déterminant dans le développement de la secte </i>»
Boko Haram.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il faut lire cette <a href="http://unmecquifaitdestrucsenafrique.e-monsite.com/blog/billet-d-humeur-reponse-d-un-petit-humanitaire-a-ceux-qui-connaissent-le-terrain.html">magistrale
réponse du blogueur</a> « un mec qui fait des trucs en Afrique » à un
célèbre chercheur autoproclamé à la suite de la tuerie de Kouré le 10 août.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Corne de l’Afrique </span></b></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Une nouvelle alliance autour de la Somalie, l’</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -16.5pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ethiopie et l’</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -16.5pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Erythrée s’est formée en janvier
2020 dans la Corne : Horn of Africa Cooperation (HoAC). Quelles en sont
les conséquences régionales ? À lire <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002039720936689">ICI</a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -16.5pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Etats-Unis <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-02/trump-suspends-aid-to-ethiopia-over-dispute-on-nile-river-dam">ont
suspendu leur aide à l’Ethiopie</a> dans le cadre de la médiation qu’ils mènent
autour du différend qui oppose l’Ethiopie et l’Egypte sur la construction d’un
barrage sur le Nil bleu. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L’Arabie saoudite enferme des centaines de migrants dans des camps
dans des conditions inhumaines. Ce <a href="https://twitter.com/_Will_Brown/status/1299954362261921792">thread</a>
résume la situation. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La <a href="http://afrobarometer.org/fr/press/ethiopians-support-constitutional-amendments-add-federal-government-languages-and-limit-pm">dernière
étude d’Afrobarometers</a> concerne, entre autres, l’opinion des </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ethiopiens sur les amendements
constitutionnels pour ajouter les langues du gouvernement fédéral et limiter
les mandats du Premier ministre.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIxDxSQP50HvBxwc_ifEU9zjVjeTK2gxNWL6tkoVZLDkUTyGbTk6PUwVdK1IsiniefD35DpCaco12NO3gzbjA0XAfEjL6YyhTAeBJX5TvDqkTabIYvJ4Hbj50z-XogMTf7RnqVK8IYJQOL/s1380/EgQW4jkWoAARRuL.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1380" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIxDxSQP50HvBxwc_ifEU9zjVjeTK2gxNWL6tkoVZLDkUTyGbTk6PUwVdK1IsiniefD35DpCaco12NO3gzbjA0XAfEjL6YyhTAeBJX5TvDqkTabIYvJ4Hbj50z-XogMTf7RnqVK8IYJQOL/w400-h209/EgQW4jkWoAARRuL.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L’</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -16.5pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ethiopie reste l'un des rares pays
au monde avec un monopole d'État sur les télécommunications. Voici à quoi
ressemble actuellement le secteur des télécoms.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4e7cgaU1_Kx447UkehMJV3LA5eoy-IFYaycuariwPgUeha-mgoS7BKRUML0lPaB2dyqqAso4clSJhjOqY4AWfwABjPnfhfxIycGcum11UOfbtTXl0SASYuyumG73cNYE-TviDhJWmMIKj/s2048/ETHIO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1437" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4e7cgaU1_Kx447UkehMJV3LA5eoy-IFYaycuariwPgUeha-mgoS7BKRUML0lPaB2dyqqAso4clSJhjOqY4AWfwABjPnfhfxIycGcum11UOfbtTXl0SASYuyumG73cNYE-TviDhJWmMIKj/s320/ETHIO.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A lire : l’étude de l’Armed Conflict Location & Event
Data Project sur <a href="https://acleddata.com/2020/01/23/ten-conflicts-to-worry-about-in-2020/?utm_source=Armed+Conflict+Location+%26+Event+Data+Project&utm_campaign=0b768ac8e6-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_09_21_06_50_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_26a454684a-0b768ac8e6-155107975#Ethiopia">l’</a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -16.5pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ethiopie
et le risque de fragmentation</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2b0Xq8jsfj2crufj61bja8O_Zq3RU96kxBwDe_u8CzESpS07Xv_6yoNlS9bSoIZsLc6EU0geGxixTZ2nSRUuofGOgYMi1zbh1AaiBj1dZKX2kErJo5Z6IVyxrO6j3yx9sreoYvWrh4miT/s797/EfxNWfbXYAA_m1J.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="797" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2b0Xq8jsfj2crufj61bja8O_Zq3RU96kxBwDe_u8CzESpS07Xv_6yoNlS9bSoIZsLc6EU0geGxixTZ2nSRUuofGOgYMi1zbh1AaiBj1dZKX2kErJo5Z6IVyxrO6j3yx9sreoYvWrh4miT/s320/EfxNWfbXYAA_m1J.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><p></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725840802417869?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=cafi20">Fascinant
article</a>. Comment l'histoire autorisée par l'État éthiopien lui permet d’imposer
sa légitimité ? L’écriture de l’histoire a été un projet totalisant de l’</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -16.5pt; position: relative; top: 16.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Etat.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">En août 2020, Taïwan a ouvert une représentation au Somaliland (et
inversement). Si le Somaliland est Etat autoproclamé indépendant mais non
reconnu par la communauté internationale cet acte est-il une forme de
reconnaissance ? Non car cet accord n’ouvre pas des relations
diplomatiques formelles entre les deux Etats. Une bonne réflexion sur la
diplomatie des Etats de facto est à lire <a href="https://defactostates.ut.ee/blog/somaliland-taiwan-partnership-new-frontier-de-facto-state-diplomacy#.X1B1CtOaKfI.twitter">ICI</a>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On lira <a href="https://orientxxi.info/magazine/djibouti-l-arabie-saoudite-deploie-sa-diplomatie-religieuse,4068">cet
article dans OrientXXI </a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sur l’influence
religieuse de l’Arabie Saoudite à Djibouti : <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="css-901oao">"L’appropriation
de l’islam comme objet politique a permis au pouvoir de surmonter les querelles
claniques lors de la guerre civile et facilité un investissement du champ
religieux par les pays étrangers."</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Merci à la <a href="https://www.areion24.news/produit/diplomatie-n-104/">revue Diplomatie</a> de m'avoir ouvert ses pages pour parler de la diplomatie d’un
petit Etat: Djibouti</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi26Ta3Nvs86FdBKvj2u2BDetdoViVTfvHUzGzUCAKJ7aYxylzRyDqlRyEIAxOA0zfV8uMr796lsTEYc9585ctj87RFsRDkrXRNyzfyZFKpP6f-Z3kDDKNgg1JUvdvplh98dGG6FbvuHA2M/s1200/Eca91MmWkAMSVWi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi26Ta3Nvs86FdBKvj2u2BDetdoViVTfvHUzGzUCAKJ7aYxylzRyDqlRyEIAxOA0zfV8uMr796lsTEYc9585ctj87RFsRDkrXRNyzfyZFKpP6f-Z3kDDKNgg1JUvdvplh98dGG6FbvuHA2M/s320/Eca91MmWkAMSVWi.jpg" /></a></b></div><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Divers</b>
</span></span>
<p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-herodote-2020-2-page-77.htm">Passionnant
article collectif</a> de Frédérick Douzet, Kévin Limonier, Selma Mihoubi,
Élodie René sur la propagation des contenus russes et chinois sur le Web
africain francophone. « Cette étude propose une méthodologie permettant
d’identifier les acteurs du Web qui reprennent les contenus chinois et russes,
ainsi qu’une analyse des stratégies d’influence des opinions publiques de ces
États à destination de publics africains ».</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il faut
écouter <a href="https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/grandes-traversees-frantz-fanon-lindocile/saison-29-06-2020-23-08-2020">cette
série d’émissions</a> sur les textes de Franz Fanon lu par Gaël Faye. </span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Appels
à communications /Conférences</span></b><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L’IFRA
Nairobi recherche un.e chercheur.e <a href="http://www.umifre.fr/c/94148?fbclid=IwAR26XFoVodUMyqASc6VFP4hFeRC3ZdnJsz_RvlTJWijiQFjGsJmePvWz3ng">ICI</a></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://t.co/fmRrY3mQZv?amp=1">Appel à communications </a>pour un
numéro spécial de la revue Journal of Borderlands Studies : <i>Security and
Trade in African Borderlands </i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Un <a href="https://racismes.hypotheses.org/a-propos">nouveau carnet de recherche "Racismes"</a>
vient d’être lancé sur Hypothesesorg, son objectif est de « est de rendre
compte de l’actualité de la recherche en sciences sociales sur les différentes
formes de racisme dans le monde ».</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L’AFD <a href="https://www.afd.fr/fr/actualites/atlas-de-lafrique-afd-pour-un-autre-regard-sur-le-continent">vient
de publier un « Atlas de l’Afrique. Pour un autre regard sur le continent »</a>
avec de nombreuses infographies. Très utile pour les étudiants et …les plus
grands.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQIR_uN2aQwseovUuHY1VeAvGh7gdUbPZLtxivQeW6QTDKqjZS9KsO9ltMq2KYtAb9gmDJkwN0d4x5qGSomUPeuKfbvzzp6h23yirw-Bx__n2KXedExmm_EUMN4YCp8tpPHZPWHE4cYtcy/s1200/EgasF3wX0AIfQL_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="900" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQIR_uN2aQwseovUuHY1VeAvGh7gdUbPZLtxivQeW6QTDKqjZS9KsO9ltMq2KYtAb9gmDJkwN0d4x5qGSomUPeuKfbvzzp6h23yirw-Bx__n2KXedExmm_EUMN4YCp8tpPHZPWHE4cYtcy/s320/EgasF3wX0AIfQL_.jpg" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pour recevoir cette lettre directement par mail
rendez-vous sur la colonne de droite : "Suivez l'actualité du blog par
mail".</span></b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></p>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-65327882343903875642020-06-25T10:45:00.002+02:002020-06-25T10:45:39.560+02:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (13)<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chine et Etats-Unis en Afrique <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« China’s government is offering more
university scholarships to African students than the leading western governments
combined, in a sign of Beijing’s use of “soft power” alongside economic
investment." A lire <a href="https://t.co/f5iwMyegMl?amp=1">ICI</a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On pensait que les Etats-Unis diminuaient leur presence
militaire en Afrique. Selon Nick Turse c’est faux. <a href="https://t.co/W9iRWvnH1K"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">ICI</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Corne de l’Afrique <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Le Prix Stephen Ellis 2020 a été
attribué à Fred Nyongesa Ikanda pour son article « Somali Refugees in
Kenya and Social Resilience: Resettlement Imaginings and the Longing for
Minnesota ». Il est en accès libre <a href="https://t.co/iTbD1xD9SA?amp=1">ici</a>.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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L'Ethiopie traverse une <a href="https://qz.com/africa/1870457/ethiopias-abiy-election-delay-infuriates-opposition-on-democracy/">crise constitutionnelle</a> depuis la décision de reporter les élections du fait de la crise sanitaire. Le pays <a href="https://eastafricanist.com/2020/06/14/the-cruel-reality-of-gerd-discussions-traumatizing-ethiopia-with-the-burden-of-drought/">s'oppose toujours à l'Egypte</a> sur la construction de son barrage mais cette escalade n'est elle que fumée ? On apprend qu'au rythme
actuel le réservoir se remplira aux conditions égyptiennes (officiellement 10
mais réellement 12 ans en tenant compte de l`évaporation).<br />
<br />
Une infographie très utile pour
suivre l’évolution de la pandémie en Ethiopie : <a href="https://ethiocovid19.info/">https://ethiocovid19.info/</a><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Un nouveau rapport sur les
rivalités en mer Rouge : <a href="https://t.co/1Jw5wNCFIm?amp=1">ICI</a> et un article sur le Bab El Mandeb <a href="https://maritime-executive.com/editorials/the-challenge-of-guarding-bab-el-mandeb">ICI</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Africa4 publie deux interviews de chercheurs sur l'Afrique de l'Est : <i style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16.5882px;"></i>Pierre Guidi pour son livre <a href="http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2020/06/24/education-en-ethiopie/">Éduquer la nation en Éthiopie.École, État et identités dans le Wolaita (1941-1991) </a>et Clément Boutin sur <a href="http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2020/06/21/radio-cairo-radio-kol-yisrael-la-guerre-des-ondes-en-afrique-de-lest-dans-les-annees-1960/">l'histoiredes radios et de la guerre froide en Afrique de l'Est</a>.<br />
<br />
A lire : cet article de Mohammed
Ibrahim Shire “How Do Leadership Decapitation and Targeting Error Affect
Suicide Bombings? The Case of Al-Shabaab” <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1780021?journalCode=uter20#.Xuz23wHNNkw.twitter">ICI</a><br />
<br />
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Un <a href="https://twitter.com/KathleenKlaus/status/1272969927012446208">thread à lire</a>. Il présente le livre de Kathleen Klaus “Political Violence in Kenya:
Land, Elections, and Claim-Making »<span style="background: #F5F8FA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sahel<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adib Bencherif publie avec Aurélie Campana et
Daniel Stockemer "Lethal Violence in Civil War: Trends and Micro-Dynamics
of Violence in the Northern Mali Conflict (2012-2015)" dans la revue Studies
in Conflict & Terrorism. </span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1780028?journalCode=uter20">ICI
</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
A lire également sur les fragilités de l'Etat malien : <span style="background-color: #f5f8fa;">"<a href="https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/Policy_Brief_State_fragility_in_Mali_June_2020.pdf">State Fragility in Mali. TheSoumaïla Cissé kidnapping in perspective</a>"</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F5F8FA; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>COVID-19</b></div>
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<a href="https://t.co/GwWu0cN68i?amp=1">PoSoc19</a>, le
nouveau réseau de chercheurs francophones en sciences sociales et politiques
qui ambitionne, via une analyse comparative à travers le monde, de comprendre
les effets de la crise COVID19 sur chaque système politique & chaque
système juridique <o:p></o:p></div>
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Une initiative à suivre pour mesurer l’impact socio-économique
de la COVID19 sur les pays à faible revenus ou intermédiaires : <a href="https://www.covideconsurveys.org/data">ICI</a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Appels à communications /Conférences<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CALL FOR PAPERS: Islamist Rebel Governance Workshop
(online): <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>linking empirical research on
Islamist rebel groups with debates in the rebel governance literature. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgosqnT1X7LSHu2iRkpCBWAlg5jYdVhl7cqyWBjZjhHz4jAw2aVW5DtJ_H-mQZgJ5Vy-l5_193KDgN8eO8EjDLQpcboIW9Vw9HLMHs_7GbkWXQ27IQvhQgBZ1syKotT4sD2doJEt0fbjyW8/s1600/IRG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="637" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgosqnT1X7LSHu2iRkpCBWAlg5jYdVhl7cqyWBjZjhHz4jAw2aVW5DtJ_H-mQZgJ5Vy-l5_193KDgN8eO8EjDLQpcboIW9Vw9HLMHs_7GbkWXQ27IQvhQgBZ1syKotT4sD2doJEt0fbjyW8/s320/IRG.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
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Appel à contribution pour un
numéro spécial sur le thème : « <a href="https://t.co/hka3zJ3dGt?amp=1">les organisations
africaines face à la covid-19</a> » <o:p></o:p></div>
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AAC pour la revue paix et
sécurité en Afrique :"<a href="https://t.co/5P83Cx5gNA?amp=1">Les armées
et la police en temps de crise sanitaire en Afrique de l’Ouest et centrale. La
Covid-19 comme révélatrice de capacités et d’inaptitudes</a>" <o:p></o:p></div>
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Création d’une nouvelle revue
biannuelle en accès ouvert : Sources. Matériaux & Terrains en études africaines,
portée par les UMIFRE d’ Afrique sub-saharienne et le Laboratoire LAM. Son <a href="https://sources-journal.org/76">1er dossier est un Varia</a>. AAC
permanent ouvert<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Call for papers! <a href="https://t.co/ZBgcxkKwv2?amp=1">Special Issue on Covid-19, Peace and
Security in Africa</a>, edited by the great Cyril Obi &<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kabandula <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Du fait de la crise sanitaire, la
Masterclass que je co-organise avec Ioannis Panoussis et Valentina Volpe est décalée
de septembre à janvier 2021. Elle portera sur les approches extraoccidentales
de la paix. A voir <a href="https://twitter.com/MorningAfrika/status/1271036999680643074">ICI</a></div>
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<b>Relations
internationales</b></div>
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Le SIPRI propose une <a href="http://bit.ly/3fI7V0e">nouvelle
carte</a> avec toutes les opérations multilatérales en cours en mai 2020. </div>
<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgag3bSZ0e2gEtbcwNVJ04AyVzrvxzuT15UHlNSATFpeNyVA14XV65Wr9b8s7Jsbd3h9s6d2pTP_FKYzx5DoGbWN4hGYeTInkA1mKZeaW3-9Zd9WRRZqunCE_2XAu-60OMunxiK0wX-Z1fg/s1600/omp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="481" data-original-width="680" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgag3bSZ0e2gEtbcwNVJ04AyVzrvxzuT15UHlNSATFpeNyVA14XV65Wr9b8s7Jsbd3h9s6d2pTP_FKYzx5DoGbWN4hGYeTInkA1mKZeaW3-9Zd9WRRZqunCE_2XAu-60OMunxiK0wX-Z1fg/s320/omp.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Nic
Cheeseman publie avec <a href="https://oxfordre.com/politics/page/african-politics/the-oxford-encyclopedia-of-african-politics">The
Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics</a>. </span>Les articles ci-dessous sont
en accès libre sur le site :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh66CPVOFEBm9-vuS9TRjOw5iS0eG9BRnA9FNvOFzoZJYTNwCrCZUZKb1tbwXpPiFtz3cPfl9EWePrefqpbfdvwDVbTl20XUgnvblte6FprEfUdXBqMUcKKVoRtw0IjaN3pvozVHzDza6RW/s1600/nic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh66CPVOFEBm9-vuS9TRjOw5iS0eG9BRnA9FNvOFzoZJYTNwCrCZUZKb1tbwXpPiFtz3cPfl9EWePrefqpbfdvwDVbTl20XUgnvblte6FprEfUdXBqMUcKKVoRtw0IjaN3pvozVHzDza6RW/s1600/nic.png" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Vous pouvez accéder à la totalité du livre "</span><a href="http://fdslive.oup.com/www.oup.com/academic/pdf/openaccess/9780198832331.pdf">African Economic Development: Evidence, Theory, Policy</a>".<br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US">Le <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022343319856046">Journal
of Peace research publie un article</a> à partir des données du célèbre Uppsala
Conflict Data Program sur l’évolution de la violence organisée dans le monde de
1989 à 2019 : « <i>The defeat of
Islamic State (IS) in Syria and Iraq has pushed the number of fatalities,
almost 75,600, to its lowest level since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war
in 2011. However, this de-escalation in Syria is countered by increased
violence in Africa, as IS and other transnational jihadist groups have
relocated their efforts there. Furthermore, violence has continued to increase
in Afghanistan; UCDP recorded more than 31,200 fatalities in Afghanistan in
2019, which accounts for 40% of all fatalities from organized violence across
the globe. The general decline in fatalities from organized violence does not
correspond with the trend in the number of active conflicts, which remained on
a historically high level. UCDP recorded 54 state-based conflicts in 2019, including
seven wars. Twenty-eight state-based conflicts involved IS (Islamic State), al-Qaida
or their affiliates. In the past decade, conflicts involving these
transnational jihadist groups have driven many of the trends in organized
violence</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Un thread à suivre sur les sanctions internationales et leur
efficacité : <a href="https://twitter.com/Olivier1Schmitt/status/1273225845440741378">ICI</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Pour recevoir cette lettre directement par mail rendez-vous sur la colonne de droite : "Suivez l'actualité du blog par mail".</span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-45683895663094702262020-04-14T10:11:00.001+02:002020-04-14T10:11:09.000+02:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (12)<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>COVID-19</b></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mapping-risk-factors-spread-covid-19-africa/">Voici
une excellente cartographie</a> des facteurs de risque sur le continent
africain.</span> <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les critères d’analyse
retenus sont : “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">international exposure,
size of urban population, capacity for testing (…) health systems, densities of
urban populations, conflict, size of displaced populations, trust in
government, and openness of communications channels</i>”. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les Etats
les plus vulnérables ne sont pas ceux qu’on pourrait croire. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv815QYxPGJCpSqO99t9KnidfkXVUkomLxLoF27QYw4Y9Y344rKPrat22qVj9lYNNP-1gIff4UqNvjXfDyBVJtdSKpvQKn0tIQS3pHnmo_Zk7jX4c0Kw6c3Nky3rMzpwcEiQRPgcHhZT0K/s1600/covid_risk_health_banner-03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="850" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv815QYxPGJCpSqO99t9KnidfkXVUkomLxLoF27QYw4Y9Y344rKPrat22qVj9lYNNP-1gIff4UqNvjXfDyBVJtdSKpvQKn0tIQS3pHnmo_Zk7jX4c0Kw6c3Nky3rMzpwcEiQRPgcHhZT0K/s320/covid_risk_health_banner-03.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Quelles
réponses face à la crise sanitaire sur le continent africain ? </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/crp/2020/03/31/covid-19-in-africa-know-your-epidemic-act-on-its-politics/"><span style="color: windowtext;">Ce blog propose envisage trois options </span></a>:
“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(1) anticipate the country-specific
demographic pattern of the national epidemic; (2) examine the conditions
required for the standard “lockdown” policy to succeed; and (3) make a
consultative political assessment of the epidemic response and its impacts on
the economy, society and governance</i>”.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pourquoi le pire serait à venir sur le
continent africain ? <a href="https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/fred-eboko-l-afrique-a-garde-la-memoire-d-ebola-23-03-2020-2368320_3826.php">s’interroge
Fred Eboko, directeur de recherche à l'Institut de recherche pour le
développement et spécialiste des politiques publiques de santé en Afrique</a>.
« Cela revient à considérer, comme un certain nombre d'acteurs, que l'Afrique
subsaharienne n'a absolument rien retenu de l'épidémie d'Ebola, ce qui n'est
pas vrai. Parce qu'il y a quand même eu entre-temps une mémoire administrative,
sanitaire, politique et épidémiologique assez forte ». <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/04/08/non-l-afrique-n-est-pas-ni-de-pres-ni-de-loin-la-cible-privilegiee-des-essais-cliniques_6035948_3212.html">Il
rappelle également</a>, à la suite de la controverse sur les essais cliniques
sur le continent, que l’Afrique n’est pas une terre d’expériences cliniques : «
Selon une étude publiée en 2018 par le réseau Les Entreprises du médicament
(LEEM) et basée sur les données officielles du gouvernement américain, sur les
essais cliniques initiés en 2017, le pourcentage de participation par
régions/continents du monde est sans ambiguïté. Amérique du Nord : 57 % ;
Europe : 38 % ; Asie : 27 % ; Océanie : 11 % ; Amérique latine : 8 % ; Afrique
et Moyen-Orient : 7 %. L’Afrique subsaharienne est la partie du monde la moins
sollicitée pour les essais cliniques ». </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La crise
sanitaire que nous traversons est un terreau idéal pour la multiplication et la
diffusion des thèses complotistes en particulier sur le continent africain. L’anthropologue
<a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/04/12/en-afrique-cette-crise-renforce-les-intellectuels-qui-versent-dans-la-theorie-du-complot_6036395_3212.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">camerounais Parfait Akana analyse</span></a> comment
le COVID-19 s’en prend aux conventions sociales profondément ancrées. Il a créé
la <a href="http://covid-19-cameroon.org/"><span style="color: windowtext;">plate-forme
des chercheurs en sciences sociales contre le coronavirus (Social Scientists
Initiative Against Covid-19 in Cameroon</span></a>) pour analyser les
expériences locales et démêler le vrai du faux.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Quel sera <a href="https://www.voanews.com/episode/coronavirus-pandemic-impact-africa-4229346">l’impact
du COVID-19</a> sur les économies et les sociétés du continent ? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Quel <a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/04/06/how-will-coronavirus-reshape-democracy-and-governance-globally-pub-81470">impact
aura la crise sanitaire actuelle sur les régimes politiques et la gouvernance
en générale</a> ? Les <a href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/31/do-authoritarian-or-democratic-countries-handle-pandemics-better-pub-81404">régimes
démocratiques répondent-ils mieux à la crise que les régimes autoritaires</a> ?</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">RFI
propose plusieurs reportages sur la façon de vivre le confinement partout dans
le monde. <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/20200404-comment-vit-on-en-confinement-%C3%A0-djibouti?ref=tw"><span style="color: windowtext;">ICI</span></a> à Djibouti. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Paul Poast
propose de passionnants threads sur Twitter. <a href="https://twitter.com/ProfPaulPoast/status/1248981050619056128">Ici</a> sur
le manque de réponse globale à la crise qui s’expliquerait par la différence de
système politique entre les deux grandes puissances : Chine et Etats-Unis. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Corne de l'Afrique</b></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2020/04/13/covid-19-state-of-emergency-and-the-federal-balance-of-power/"><span style="color: windowtext;">L’état d’urgence déclaré en Ethiopie du fait de la
crise sanitaire manquerait de clarté</span></a>. Quelles sont les responsabilités
respectives du gouvernement fédéral te des gouvernements régionaux ? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2020/04/04/ethiopian-inaction-will-lead-to-another-covid-19-catastrophe/"><span style="color: windowtext;">Selon cet article</span></a>, l’Ethiopie devrait tirer
des leçons des Etats comme l’Iran et la Corée du Sud pour vaincre au mieux la
pandémie. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/28643/for-somalia-democracy-remains-elusive-can-historic-elections-change-that"><span style="color: windowtext;">Cet article</span></a> revient sur les enjeux autour
des élections somaliennes qui se tiendront en fin d’année ou début 2021. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le CTC Westpoint a preparé u<a href="https://ctc.usma.edu/addressing-enemy-al-shabaabs-psyops-media-warfare/https:/ctc.usma.edu/addressing-enemy-al-shabaabs-psyops-media-warfare/"><span style="color: windowtext;">n rapport sur le groupe Al Shabaab en Somalie</span></a> : </span></div>
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</xml><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">« A key aspect of al-Shabaab’s media insurgency is
its PSYOPS (psychological operations) messaging, targeting both rank-and-file
enemy soldiers as well as the domestic electorates in enemy countries,
including the United States, Kenya, Uganda, and Burundi. In its PSYOPS and
other propaganda messaging, al-Shabaab takes advantage of the lack of
transparency in certain instances from its opponents, including some
governments, and the demand by the international news media for details from on
the ground, with the group framing itself as a reliable source of on-the-ground
information. The militant group actively seeks to extend the penetration of its
media messaging by attracting attention from international news media, though
this practice has proved to be of mixed value”. </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/21/world/africa/al-qaeda-somalia-shabab.html">New
York Times</a> revient également sur la résilience et l’extension du champ
d’action du groupe.</span><em><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La diplomatie de haut
niveau déployée pour résoudre le différend frontalier maritime entre la Somalie
et le Kenya a été stoppée par la pandémie. <a href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/28660/the-long-simmering-kenya-somalia-maritime-dispute-threatens-to-boil-over"><span style="color: windowtext;">En conséquence, des accrochages pourraient avoir lieu
entre les deux pay</span></a>s. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/09/830964252/ugandan-president-museveni-entertains-with-his-instructive-workout-video?utm_campaign=storyshare&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&t=1586849167041">Dans
une vidéo largement partagée sur les réseaux sociaux</a>, le Président
Ougandais explique à ses citoyens comment faire du sport pendant le confinement.
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Avant le
confinement j’ai eu le Plaisir de recevoir et d’échanger avec Anne-laure Mahé
dans <a href="http://frequenceprotestante.com/diffusion/good-morning-afrika-du-19-03-2020/"><span style="color: windowtext;">l’émission Good Morning Afrika</span></a>. Nous avons
échangé sur la situation politique du Soudan. Nous avons aussi parlé de
méthodologie de la recherche et du rôle des artistes dans la crise qui a
traversé le Soudan l’année dernière. Au Soudan, justement, les taux d’inflation
élevés ont fait doubler le <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200409-soudan-le-prix-pain-double-pays-en-proie-%C3%A0-l-inflation"><span style="color: windowtext;">prix du pain</span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Roland Marchal a été
libéré ! <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/20200407-roland-marchal-fariba-adelkhah-iran-france?ref=tw">Voici
son témoignage</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Belt and
Road Initiative</span></b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Passionnant
article publié dans <a href="https://www.theafricareport.com/24195/tanzania-the-race-for-regional-rail-supremacy/">The
Africa Report</a> sur les investissements régionaux dans les infrastructures
ferroviaires en Afrique de l’Est.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A lire
également : ce rapport sur les “overseas strategic strongpoints”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de la Chine. Ce terme flou désigne les ports
étrangers ayant une valeur stratégique et économique particulière et qui
accueillent des terminaux et des zones commerciales opérés par des entreprises
chinoises. <a href="https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cmsi-maritime-reports/6/">Ce
premier rapport concerne Djibouti</a>. Quel sera l’impact de cette crise
sanitaire mondiale sur le projet Belt and Road Initiative ? <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/the-belt-and-road-after-covid-19/">Voici
plusieurs scenarios envisageables</a>. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFIU0lhu4zbuHCSLBy1XunXmQAum_URwA2aKNSftj9sY9JxO9nUOMPIi9gmQ-m2d1oC8vYo7W5gGvvBapP9Zmv3AQzipZu2vX5ldvefjiDXWYJv7I_T7T46xgqbBW1ZsVIxVkHiQSOGVY6/s1600/unnamed.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="560" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFIU0lhu4zbuHCSLBy1XunXmQAum_URwA2aKNSftj9sY9JxO9nUOMPIi9gmQ-m2d1oC8vYo7W5gGvvBapP9Zmv3AQzipZu2vX5ldvefjiDXWYJv7I_T7T46xgqbBW1ZsVIxVkHiQSOGVY6/s320/unnamed.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /><br />
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Appels</span></b> </div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Appel à contribution pour un ouvrage collectif consacré aux
"théories du complot" en contextes africains dirigé par Nanourougo
Coulibaly, Dorgelès Houessou et Ibrahim Maidakouale. Cet ouvrage ambitionne de
combler un angle mort des recherches en sciences sociales sur le
conspirationnisme. -Les propositions de contribution sont à envoyer avant le 25
juin 2020 aux adresses suivantes :</span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">coulyna@yahoo.fr; dorgeleshouessou@yahoo.fr;
imaidakouale@yahoo.fr</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Appel à
communication : Journée d’étude internationale de la Chaire UNESCO « <a href="https://www.auf.org/nouvelles/appels-a-candidatures/appel-a-communication-journee-detude-internationale-de-chaire-unesco-defis-partages-developpement-savoir-comprendre-agir/"><span style="color: windowtext;">Défis partagés du développement : savoir, comprendre,
agir</span></a> »</span></div>
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directement par mail rendez-vous sur la colonne de droite : "Suivez
l'actualité du blog par mail".</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-19315330814496629932020-01-19T22:11:00.000+01:002020-01-19T22:17:41.614+01:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (11)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sahel</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Je suis très heureuse de vous annoncer un nouveau projet. Tous les
3ème jeudi du mois vous pourrez écouter <a href="http://frequenceprotestante.com/diffusion/good-morning-afrika-du-16-01-2020/">l'émission
'Good Morning Afrika'</a> (évidemment) sur Fréquence Protestante. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pour cette première émission je vous propose
d'écouter l'analyse de <a data-hovercard-prefer-more-content-show="1" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100010659042151&extragetparams=%7B%22__tn__%22%3A%22%2CdK-R-R%22%2C%22eid%22%3A%22ARDE4qQMyulhjbZVuuTePpSAL_vzPA7mWNTgam2qsNxYMNZ247YFHlIhS4roIKbyZH9L1f5v2H14KXLz%22%2C%22fref%22%3A%22mentions%22%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/niagalebagayoko4?__tn__=%2CdK-R-R&eid=ARDE4qQMyulhjbZVuuTePpSAL_vzPA7mWNTgam2qsNxYMNZ247YFHlIhS4roIKbyZH9L1f5v2H14KXLz&fref=mentions" title="Niagalé Bagayoko">Niagalé Bagayoko</a> sur le Sahel. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les
<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/envoy-devastating-surge-attacks-sahel-west-africa-200109011431355.html">attaques
ont quintuplé</a> dans la région depuis 2016. Voir les données ACLED <a href="https://twitter.com/J_LuengoCabrera/status/1216048879172497410/photo/1">ici</a>. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6feD3MVo-0dLqbsRiEVVtWy4eH6nQpRX5M87lcWv6KDFDXii47J7yQZvyDq78Z-0ILkO4A7EkB3fW0rtGreqK_2fXtDSOZRl-J4MkTl8AGFu3oYdhNP9t-_YEb90gE_HtrTl2hUzsjWQO/s1600/EOBGAWsWsAUkQU0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="1058" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6feD3MVo-0dLqbsRiEVVtWy4eH6nQpRX5M87lcWv6KDFDXii47J7yQZvyDq78Z-0ILkO4A7EkB3fW0rtGreqK_2fXtDSOZRl-J4MkTl8AGFu3oYdhNP9t-_YEb90gE_HtrTl2hUzsjWQO/s320/EOBGAWsWsAUkQU0.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Niagalé Bagayoko a publié la même semaine <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/10/sahel-il-faut-repenser-la-securite-du-continent-selon-une-perspective-strategique-africaine_6025461_3212.html?fbclid=IwAR2tCgpnkuyhfWS5ppK0bbrOM1iyLFEZxZ57bvkLqKO6MBKZm0lLivMOEzA">une
tribune dans Le Monde</a> sur la nécessité d’adopter une approche africaine de
la stratégie, cet appel a suscité <a href="https://twitter.com/JosephHenrotin/status/1216641986935115776">des débats</a>
sur Twitter qui porte principalement sur la distinction entre la stratégie et l’opératif.
Et <a href="https://www.areion24.news/2020/01/09/la-violence-politique-au-sahel-une-hydre-de-linsecurite-en-construction/">ICI</a>
vous pourrez lire l’excellente analyse Adib Bencherif sur l’insécurité dans la
région. Cette semaine le Sahel a fait l’actualité avec le Sommet du G5 Sahel à
Pau. Ecoutez l’émission Le débat du jour sur RFI : «<a href="http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20200113-guerre-contre-djihadistes-sahel-peut-elle-etre-gagnee"> La
guerre contre les djihadistes au Sahel peut-elle être gagnée ? </a>». À
écouter pour comprendre les enjeux du potentiel (et annoncé) retrait militaire
américain du continent africain. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/podcast/28473/how-would-a-military-drawdown-affect-u-s-engagement-in-africa">How
Would a Military Drawdown Affect U.S. Engagement in Africa?</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cette semaine un internaute s’interrogeait sur le montant des OPEX
françaises. Deux rapports sont de bonnes sources : un dossier «<a href="https://t.co/A16uTRUT01?amp=1">Conflictualité et stabilité internationale
face aux facteurs économiques </a>» et un <a href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-les-champs-de-mars-2018-1-page-377.htm">article
de Julien Malizard et Josselin Droff</a> sur la notion de
"soutenabilité" : les armées françaises utilisent davantage de
ressources qu'elles ne sont capables de régénérer.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Corne de l’Afrique</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le premier ministre éthiopien Abiy Ahmed <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/13/barrage-sur-le-nil-l-ethiopie-demande-a-l-afrique-du-sud-de-faciliter-un-accord-avec-l-egypte_6025679_3212.html">a
demandé dimanche 12 janvier</a> au président sud-africain Cyril Ramaphosa
d’intervenir pour apaiser le différend avec l’Egypte au sujet du barrage
hydraulique que l’Ethiopie construit sur le Nil Bleu. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A lire sur </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50328647"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">les causes</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> du conflit. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les femmes ont joué un rôle majeur dans la guerre de libération
érythréenne, <a href="https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2020/01/15/no-peace-for-eritreas-long-suffering-female-conscripts/">quel
statut ont-elles aujourd’hui </a>? </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.acleddata.com/2020/01/15/acled-resources-al-shabaab-in-somalia-and-kenya/">L’ACLED
nous apprend</a>: « <i>Since the US escalated its air campaign in 2017, Al
Shabaab has perpetrated almost 900 civilian targeting events in Somalia,
resulting in estimates of nearly 2,000 fatalitie</i>s.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A lire <a href="http://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/content/observatoire-de-l-afrique-de-l-est?fbclid=IwAR3EZWAMXJzevXlGoET5qLNmpaIyxBquvbdip1sQdKBsB2YDaVA0F4-RREM">ce
rapport de Jérôme Tubiana</a> « La "transition" soudanaise vue
de ses périphéries » qui interroge sur la persistance de la
marginalisation des périphéries au sein même du soulèvement et le rôle crucial
désormais joué par les milices arabes du Darfour</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Publications</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A noter la parution de « <a href="https://livre.fnac.com/a13614958/Florent-Piton-Du-heros-a-la-communaute">Du
héros à la communauté. Le cheminement des identités en Afrique (XIXe-XXIe
siècle)</a> » ce livre collectif est consacré aux constructions identités
et nationales en Afrique, co-dirigé par Elara Bertho, Jean-Luc Martineau,
Céline Pauthier et Florent Piton.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw6kEJgWD8QCSniheS9nYUvnHnQB2xjBG-V7_s2vGEkEV6JDWKAxfiS8dVpt0gcihPWdnvSnx8jJLPWpSHR_1eh1-OVs-ZF8QyN_IvbCHBAI0qcfrlpY5Tbcy-zKX4ExnvLo4F4CtSdzhM/s1600/EOKW-gtWAAIEED6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="598" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw6kEJgWD8QCSniheS9nYUvnHnQB2xjBG-V7_s2vGEkEV6JDWKAxfiS8dVpt0gcihPWdnvSnx8jJLPWpSHR_1eh1-OVs-ZF8QyN_IvbCHBAI0qcfrlpY5Tbcy-zKX4ExnvLo4F4CtSdzhM/s320/EOKW-gtWAAIEED6.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"<a href="http://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article3287">Un monde en nègre et blanc.
Enquête historique sur l’ordre racial </a>» d’Aurélia Michel ou Comment la
fiction de la race est au coeur de l'histoire de l'Occident.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7S8ZJk2l4iEj5-f0sKXyngF94LhQxPFW-3tSUuivzcbhx-W0JCJFt-x41k9BpxCE82JQ1_5G0ilVoq5D6KRko8T9Kqxexx1DHrWEtSoGebKnYBU1yVQ9V4rf2Np-lHYjxCn2VenYa3JEU/s1600/EOVqTohXsAEI6Bg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7S8ZJk2l4iEj5-f0sKXyngF94LhQxPFW-3tSUuivzcbhx-W0JCJFt-x41k9BpxCE82JQ1_5G0ilVoq5D6KRko8T9Kqxexx1DHrWEtSoGebKnYBU1yVQ9V4rf2Np-lHYjxCn2VenYa3JEU/s320/EOVqTohXsAEI6Bg.jpg" width="194" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On attend l’ouvrage de Lina Benabdallah “Shaping the Future of Power:
Knowledge Production and Network-Building in China-Africa Relations” disponible
en <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Shaping-Future-Power-Network-Building-China-Africa/dp/0472074547/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1578734834&sr=8-1">précommande</a>
(thread de présentation <a href="https://twitter.com/LBenabdallah/status/1216700859721056256">ici</a>). </span></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/se/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/varieties-democracy-measuring-two-centuries-political-change?format=HB&fbclid=IwAR1fHMcblqraznX6LPGRIfl3_Um56s5krJ2ISYmqNcVjloU9UfG-A-CkZ-c#contentsTabAnchor">Varieties
of Democracy</a> mesure deux siècles de changements politiques.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pour
recevoir cette lettre directement par mail rendez-vous sur la colonne de droite
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-60885096341543018362020-01-12T17:17:00.000+01:002020-01-12T17:17:12.738+01:00Les dernières nouvelles du continent (10)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Corne de l’Afrique</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">L’actualité moyenne orientale a laissé peu de place pour les autres
actualités internationales. Pourtant, les Shebaab somaliens ont refait parler d’eux
avec <a href="https://www.france24.com/fr/20200105-les-shebab-attaquent-une-base-militaire-am%C3%A9ricano-k%C3%A9nyane-%C3%A0-lamu"><span style="color: windowtext;">l’attaque d’une base américaine </span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Camp Simba) à Lamu au Kenya et tuant 3
soldats américains et ça n’est peut-être <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/01/11/somali-terrorist-group-al-shabaab-threatens-attack-us-targets/"><span style="color: windowtext;">pas terminé</span></a>… <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ce <a href="https://twitter.com/JasonPatinkin/status/1213920363849105408"><span style="color: windowtext;">thread</span></a> permet d’en savoir plus. Cette
attaque montre que neuf ans après l’opération lancée par les troupes kenyanes
dans le sud de la Somalie, le Kenya n’est pas parvenu à sécuriser sa frontière.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">En 2018-2019, il a été difficile de déterminer le rôle des différents
acteurs extérieurs (pays du Golfe, pays Occidentaux, etc) dans la résolution du
conflit entre l’Ethiopie et l’Erythrée. Voici <a href="https://www.lawfareblog.com/red-sea-geopolitics-six-plotlines-watch"><span style="color: windowtext;">les six intrigues</span></a> à suivre en 2020 pour
comprendre ces jeux politiques autour de la mer Rouge. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">La <a href="https://qz.com/africa/1634659/ethiopia-kenya-struggle-with-chinese-debt-over-sgr-railways/"><span style="color: windowtext;">dette chinoise</span></a> est difficile à gérer pour l’Ethiopie
et le Kenya. Diploweb propose une <a href="https://www.diploweb.com/Chine-Le-deploiement-des-projets-d-infrastructures-de-l-Initiative-Belt-and-Road-Une-strategie.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">synthèse</span></a> du projet des Nouvelles routes de
la Soie. Le ministère des Finances du Somaliland augmente <a href="http://somalilandstandard.com/somaliland-finance-ministry-hikes-taxes-on-khat/"><span style="color: windowtext;">les taxes sur le khât</span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Les <a href="https://www.letemps.ch/monde/entre-legypte-lethiopie-une-impasse-nil?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=share&utm_campaign=article"><span style="color: windowtext;">négociations sont dans l’impasse</span></a> sur la
construction par l’Ethiopie d’un méga-barrage sur le Nil. Et la situation
interne en Ethiopie ne s’améliore pas, voici <a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2019/11/21/state-formation-disintegration-ethiopia-ethnic-conflict/"><span style="color: windowtext;">un article essentiel</span></a> pour comprendre la formation
de l’Etat et les dissensions actuelles. L’Ethiopie et le Burkina Faso sont les
potentiels lieux de développement de <a href="https://mg.co.za/article/2019-12-28-10-conflicts-to-monitor-in-2020/"><span style="color: windowtext;">conflits en 2020</span></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">La Corne de l’Afrique va connaitre des <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2018/10/08/africa-elections-all-upcoming-votes/"><span style="color: windowtext;">élections importantes en 2020</span></a> notamment en
Ethiopie, en <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2019/11/28/somalia-president-farmaajos-stacks-the-deck-to-secure-a-second-term/"><span style="color: windowtext;">Somalie</span></a> et au Burundi et en Tanzanie. Si
vous souhaitez comprendre les derniers développements politiques dans la Corne
je vous recommande ce documentaire : <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqCgGdjqyYw&feature=youtu.be"><span style="color: windowtext;">L’espoir renaît dans la Corne</span></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Les <a href="https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/788"><span style="color: windowtext;">Cahiers d’Afrique de l’Est</span></a> viennent de
paraitre.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Je suis très heureuse d’annoncer la publication le 5 mars de mon
ouvrage Djibouti : la diplomatie de géant d’un petit Etat aux Presses
Universitaires du Septentrion. Il est disponible en précommande <a href="https://www.lalibrairie.com/livres/djibouti--la-diplomatie-de-geant-d-un-petit-etat_0-6371356_9782757430781.html?ctx=4dae498b4b78db0fb2ee9f3183965827"><span style="color: windowtext;">ICI</span></a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Afrique de l’Ouest</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">La situation semble se dégrader de plus en plus au Sahel. L’ONU a
annoncé que le nombre de victimes d’attaques terroristes a été multiplié par
cinq en trois ans au Burkina Faso, au Mali et au Niger. Les violences sont
attribuées aux actions de <a href="https://qz.com/africa/1769488/west-africa-sahel-overrun-by-al-qaeda-islamic-state-jihadists/"><span style="color: windowtext;">groupes armés</span></a>, mais aussi <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/sahel/niger/behind-jihadist-attack-inates"><span style="color: windowtext;">aux tensions entre communautés</span></a> sur base de
rivalités historiques, de disputes autour des ressources naturelles et
également sur fond <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/politics-heart-crisis-sahel"><span style="color: windowtext;">d’absence de l’Etat</span></a>, de <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/12/22/djihadisme-au-sahel-le-probleme-n-est-pas-seulement-securitaire-mais-de-gouvernance_6023804_3212.html?fbclid=IwAR3DLXviSSYnB8lLUjY8fwRwx37x-Bm8rD6b-4p9_HPuoWMnkmbk1IzY70A"><span style="color: windowtext;">problèmes de gouvernance</span></a> et de
prolifération des armes légères et de petit calibre. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dans une Tribune du journal Le Monde Niagalé
Bagayoko s’interroge sur les solutions possibles à la crise et invite à <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/10/sahel-il-faut-repenser-la-securite-du-continent-selon-une-perspective-strategique-africaine_6025461_3212.html?fbclid=IwAR2tCgpnkuyhfWS5ppK0bbrOM1iyLFEZxZ57bvkLqKO6MBKZm0lLivMOEzA"><span style="color: windowtext;">développer la réflexion stratégique africaine</span></a>.
De son côté Marc-Antoine Perouse de Montclos publie un <a href="https://livre.fnac.com/a13874117/Marc-Antoine-Perouse-de-Montclos-Une-guerre-perdue"><span style="color: windowtext;">essai</span></a> sur l’échec de la France au Sahel et
invite au <a href="https://www.lopinion.fr/edition/international/sahel-desengagement-l-armee-francaise-pourrait-se-reveler-salutaire-207797?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=barre-partage-site&fbclid=IwAR0gVBigW05ZDvZVSqsof5mm5pdbhBr7US6pyJ5r105vLiJglJnG3c5JYUc"><span style="color: windowtext;">départ des forces françaises</span></a>. Le Monde
diplomatique propose une <a href="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/cartes/gendarme-francais-afrique"><span style="color: windowtext;">carte</span></a> des interventions françaises en
Afrique et Le Monde nous éclaire avec <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/video/2020/01/11/comprendre-la-guerre-au-sahel-avec-des-cartes_6025547_3212.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">ses cartes du Sahel</span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Arts, littérature, Histoire</span></b>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Les cours
de François-Xavier Fauvelle, professeur titulaire de la chaire Histoire et
archéologie des mondes africains, <a href="https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/francois-xavier-fauvelle/course-2019-2020.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">sont en ligne</span></a> et présentés <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVMsmcFDSB4&fbclid=IwAR2htdwNelQ6xq2sEBigu1p2F6zBYbBo8Ms-WU0W1jAWzQDvJhSXHlFttIc"><span style="color: windowtext;">ICI</span></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Que savons-nous des anciennes cultures de l'Afrique de l'Est et
quelles sont les idées reçues que nous pourrions avoir sur l'histoire de
l'Afrique de l'Est? <a href="https://www.wpr.org/shows/history-east-africa-0"><span style="color: windowtext;">Écoutez cette émission</span></a>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Arte
propose un passionnant <a href="https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/086124-001-A/decolonisations-1-3/?fbclid=IwAR2Wjj7ss_LPTBVipdvkiSLAsxmoeTZDLMHEcelL3p_1Xpr4PlEm2wpeMoE"><span style="color: windowtext;">documentaire</span></a> "Décolonisations" en
trois épisodes qui est décrit de la façon suivante : « À
contre-courant de l'histoire officielle des colonisateurs, cette fresque
percutante inverse le regard pour raconter, du point de vue des colonisés, cent
cinquante ans de combat contre la domination, et faire résonner au présent un
déni qui perdure ». Ces auteurs répondent aux critiques <a href="https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/l-instant-m/l-instant-m-06-janvier-2020"><span style="color: windowtext;">ici</span></a>.</span></div>
<pre style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Une <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2019/12/20/best-of-the-2010s-african-films/"><span style="color: windowtext;">sélection</span></a> de films africains de la décennie et des meilleurs <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2019/12/17/best-of-the-2010s-novels-by-african-writers/?fbclid=IwAR1A0l0iFW5e4ToSoukNIlCTYo_o9-AO8XKI1bwYytVfX_3U3Bz4CLwdmVE"><span style="color: windowtext;">livres</span></a> (avec Alain Mabanckou). </span></pre>
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<pre style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></pre>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conférences et appels à communications</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Corentin
Cohen (Sciences Po/CERI, OxPo) et Gernot Klantschnig (University of Bristol) lance
un AAC pour Politique africaine <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <a href="https://polaf.hypotheses.org/4152?fbclid=IwAR0uxesnLaTrLEXYxy6tggEkbiY63pLEQWEgfkRu6VZ7E3wgy-yzOajTApc"><span style="color: windowtext;">Les paysages moraux des drogues en Afrique ».</span></a></span></div>
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<span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Le </span></span><span class="r-18u37iz"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Centre Français Etudes Ethiopiennes</span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span class="css-901oao">propose à des postdoctorants ou à de jeunes
chercheurs résidant en France une <a href="https://cfee.hypotheses.org/5268"><span style="color: windowtext;">aide à la mobilité</span></a> pour un séjour de
recherche dans la Corne de l’Afrique (Ethiopie, Erythrée, Djibouti et
Somaliland) en 2020.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les
chercheurs Fariba Adelkhah et Roland Marchal sont toujours prisonniers en Iran.
La séance inaugurale du séminaire "F & R: sociologie et anthropologie
sociale du politique" consacrée à l'un des thèmes majeurs des recherches
de Roland Marchal : "guerre et formation de l'Etat", thème que Fariba
Adelkhah a également traité dans ses propres travaux sur la guerre comme expérience
de vie, notamment en Afghanistan est à écouter <a href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/manifestation/podcast"><span style="color: windowtext;">ici</span></a>. </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-62108173254259986292019-11-03T17:32:00.003+01:002019-11-03T17:32:49.858+01:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (9) <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.e-ir.info/2019/10/31/black-history-month-interviews/">Passionnantes
interviews</a> sur <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E-International
Relation</i></span><span class="e24kjd"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">s</i></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Six chercheurs répondent aux questions suivantes : pensez-vous que
la discipline des Relations internationales est parvenue à intégrer les
recherches, les idées et l'histoire des <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">People
of Color</i> ? Qu'est-ce qui pourrait être amélioré ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Sur la façon dont la musique
de Fela permet de décoloniser les études de droit : lire <a href="https://theconversation.com/felas-music-can-decolonise-international-law-in-african-universities-95816?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=twitterbutton">ICI</a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Malgré de nombreuses publications démontrant l’échec du<i> state-building</i>,
des millions restent investi pour la reconstruction étatique de certains pays
sur un modèle wéberien d’Etat centralisé. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1979782/pathologies-of-centralized-state-building/fbclid/IwAR35PJz8FJWUeO6CkhkugK4bnch3VhMaVQoMBOyDAdBK_pSC_zQZGGxqTDc/fbclid/IwAR2ClaJt9KYf4gkdteXwfMqnx0UbRB0L3zeq-FMcHkkKZxR2Gsh883QbH40/#.XbDZEteQ5HU.twitter">Cet
article montre les risques d’une telle approche </a>: « <i>For
example, many highly centralized governments prey on their own citizens and are
therefore prone to civil unrest, conflict, and collapse.(…) centralization may
also alienate local elites, resulting in a return to conflict and violence in
states subjected to foreign state-building. Another risk is that centralization
undermines the quality of public administration by making it largely
unresponsive to local demands</i>.”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Je suis ravie de voir
aboutir ce projet : la publication d’un ouvrage collectif <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Diplomacy-and-Borderlands-African-Agency-at-the-Intersections-of-Orders/Coleman-Kornprobst-Seegers/p/book/9780367273323">Diplomacy
and Borderlands. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">African
Agency at the Intersections of Orders</span></a></i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, dirigé par Katharina P. Coleman, Markus
Kornprobst, Annette Seegers. La presentation du livre : “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">This book examines Africa’s internal and external relations by focusing
on three core concepts: orders, diplomacy and borderlands. The contributors
examine traditional and non-traditional diplomatic actors, and domestic,
regional, continental, and global orders. They argue that African diplomats
profoundly shape these orders by situating themselves within in-between-spaces
of geographical and functional orders. It is in these borderlands that agency,
despite all kinds of constraints, flourishes</i>”. J’y rédige un chapitre sur …la
Corne de l’Afrique : “Establishment of a New Regional Order in the Horn of Africa”.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSj6YXaRFM6lWs22O71YzjvhjUur99YF2xgp63xLeVOdQXiye07S4_emFyaw4sd4rU1rTe4pzaOdE7eox5B-JaAt7TKLfUhXtbsq1uW0Wo60Qm0JutGhtupwS0QohBj9zxOpWqZ_bM2cu2/s1600/diplomcay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="278" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSj6YXaRFM6lWs22O71YzjvhjUur99YF2xgp63xLeVOdQXiye07S4_emFyaw4sd4rU1rTe4pzaOdE7eox5B-JaAt7TKLfUhXtbsq1uW0Wo60Qm0JutGhtupwS0QohBj9zxOpWqZ_bM2cu2/s320/diplomcay.jpg" width="209" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">J’ai hâte de lire la dernière publication de Nic Cheeseman et Jonathan
Fisher : « <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0190279656/ref=tsm_1_fb_lk?fbclid=IwAR1syTQwqGDLQpyVBvTRKPSW1X1Sux6ub9JVBzYIVoY8ARiiYiWTwZMVixA">Authoritarian
Africa: Repression, Resistance, and the Power of Ideas</a>”. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les deux
chercheurs présentent l’ouvrage </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/how-colonial-rule-predisposed-africa-to-fragile-authoritarianism-126114"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">ICI</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Ils
proposent une évaluation de l’héritage colonial et son impact sur les systèmes politiques
en Afrique. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Afrique centrale </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le <a href="https://dandurand.uqam.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Bulletin-FrancoPaix_vol-4_no-8_FR.pdf">dernier
bulletin FrancoPaix</a> revient sur la situation au Cameroun où le Président Paul
Biya subit de plus en plus les pressions nationales et internationales.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">International Security</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> publie <a href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/isec_a_00362">un
article</a> sur le continent africain et en particulier sur le retour des
réfugiés et de la violence au Burundi après le conflit. Et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>
publie <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/constructing-identity-through-commemoration-kwibuka-and-the-rise-of-survivor-nationalism-in-postconflict-rwanda/CFE362C810D66B522D751AC1938DCF59">un
article</a> sur le nationalisme des survivants du génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Corne de l’Afrique</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Excellente <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20191031-rene-lefort-chercheur-oromos-reclament-democratie-ethiopie?ref=tw">émission</a>
où René Lefort explique la situation dans la région d’Oromia où près de 80
personnes ont trouvé la mort. J’ai hâte de lire le dernier rapport de l’Observatoire
de l’Afrique de l’Est : « <a href="http://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/content/l-echec-des-politiques-du-premier-ministre-abiy-ahmed-pour-endiguer-les-conflits-ethniques-e">L’échec
des politiques du Premier ministre Abiy Ahmed pour endiguer les conflits ‘ethniques’
en Éthiopie </a>» par Jeanne Aisserge. On lira également cet article dans
Third World Quaterly : « <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2018.1556564?af=R">Politics
of exclusion and institutional transformation in Ethiopia </a>».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Paul D. Williams vient de
publier deux nouveaux articles sur la Somalie. Dans «</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.ipinst.org/2019/10/lessons-partnership-peacekeeping-amisom?fbclid=IwAR1h6JT0Yo8yFQtFS1KOVIqx7LZ-UJTreP7g4sACi-PKspl4iOkv1U5YT5s"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"> Lessons for “Partnership
Peacekeeping” from the African Union Mission in Somalia</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">” il revient sur la spécificité du modèle de l’AMISOM, une mission basée
sur de nombreux partenariats. Il y propose des recommandations pour reconduire
ce modèle et le rendre plus effectif. Dans « <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23802014.2019.1678399?fbclid=IwAR0VYkcRHxMxHkiyrU7IO6x859oOE87qGxmm8RaEOyxgTEIMhS4mewF4qUk">Urban
peacekeeping under siege: attacks on African Union peacekeepers in Mogadishu,
2007–2009”</a> il revient sur les violences urbaines auxquelles la mission a dû
faire face et les conséquences sur ses activités. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Depuis 2015 le conflit au
Yémen a fait plus de 100 000 morts dont 20 000 en 2019 ce qui fait de
cette année la plus meurtrière après 2018. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><a href="https://www.acleddata.com/2019/10/31/press-release-over-100000-reported-killed-in-yemen-war/?utm_source=Armed+Conflict+Location+%26+Event+Data+Project&utm_campaign=9f92a712f7-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_09_21_06_50_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_26a454684a-9f92a712f7-134542667">ACLED’s
Yemen</a>, en partenariat avec <a href="https://www.yemendataproject.org/">Yemen
Data Project</a> , recense toutes les attaques.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSqf27uJhfTMvEa7Cb8Q6Lc9ZmFtJe17sW3s2efA2NwIIY0cI0VLJJcZk5jo9xEP_j250YJaSzyi31EwTOAdPFTY2bghsR4_VodM_WT_CMi_3uKstNlwDyUWTIKwGwAJDaQb8uhruksY4/s1600/Yemen2019PR_v8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1034" data-original-width="1300" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPSqf27uJhfTMvEa7Cb8Q6Lc9ZmFtJe17sW3s2efA2NwIIY0cI0VLJJcZk5jo9xEP_j250YJaSzyi31EwTOAdPFTY2bghsR4_VodM_WT_CMi_3uKstNlwDyUWTIKwGwAJDaQb8uhruksY4/s400/Yemen2019PR_v8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Afrique de l’Ouest</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dans <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19392206.2019.1667052?utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound&af=R&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=researcher_app&journalCode=uafs20">cet
article sur les difficultés du Nigéria à lutter contre Boko Haram</a>, les
auteurs montrent que les analyses ont, jusqu’à présent, beaucoup insisté sur
les difficultés de gouvernance au Nigéria et pas suffisamment sur sa politique étrangère.
L’hypothèse de l’article est que le rôle de puissance régionale du Nigéria a
empêché toute intervention internationale et réduit les pressions extérieures
sur Abuja. Ainsi, les États dits «faibles» peuvent simultanément être puissants
sur le plan international et faire face aux pressions.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Alors que <a href="https://fr.reuters.com/article/topNews/idFRKBN1XC07C">l’EI a revendiqué l’attaque</a>
qui a coûté la vie à 54 Maliens, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/africa-file/africa-file-october-29-2019">Critical
Threats</a></i> propose une analyse des mouvements djihadistes sur le continent
africain.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arts
et littérature</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">120 ans après sa parution aux
Etats-Unis, l’ouvrage « Les Noirs de Philadelphie » de W. E. B. Du Bois est <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2019/10/27/les-noirs-de-philadelphie-le-livre-qui-pose-w-e-b-du-bois-en-fondateur-oublie-de-la-sociologie-americaine_6017087_3260.html">traduit
en français </a>!</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Du 30 octobre au 2 novembre se sont tenus à Dakar <a href="https://www.facebook.com/lesateliersdelapensee/">la troisième édition des
Ateliers de la Pensée</a> « <a href="https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/dakar-les-ateliers-de-la-pensee-troisieme-edition-29-10-2019-2344043_3826.php">Basculement
des mondes et pratiques de dévulnérabilisation</a> ».</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://imaf.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article3665">Visionnez cet entretien</a> avec
Souleymane Bachir Diagne. Il y présente son parcours et son œuvre.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Je viens de tourner la dernière page de « <a href="https://www.cambourakis.com/auteur_livre/vincent-defait/">Kanzenchis se
tait le dimanche </a>», par le journaliste Vincent Defait, avec beaucoup
de nostalgie. Salomon et Mitiku, deux amis d'enfance, se retrouvent pour la
Pâques orthodoxe (Fassika). Le livre fait le récit de leur trajectoire et celle
l'Ethiopie contemporaine. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRboq9QBjBtfm5_QYXeGXgeXZ3KLkiJYdd4nZReqQ0VkAZUzuY0t-IduA9XCvq3RUWuciX9hPZOEpmt5cJmhmt7wVfwx1O7LdTRWhAAXzi5PaYkSMS5b_TTvn4xmYZAEAsXXyRp0oVI8dE/s1600/EIJE_XKXkAA9kYe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRboq9QBjBtfm5_QYXeGXgeXZ3KLkiJYdd4nZReqQ0VkAZUzuY0t-IduA9XCvq3RUWuciX9hPZOEpmt5cJmhmt7wVfwx1O7LdTRWhAAXzi5PaYkSMS5b_TTvn4xmYZAEAsXXyRp0oVI8dE/s200/EIJE_XKXkAA9kYe.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« Pourquoi tu danses quand tu marches ? »
le dernier roman d’Abdourahman Waberi reste en liste pour le Prix Renaudot !</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Conférences
et appels à communications</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://cedejsudan.hypotheses.org/category/calls-for-papers">Appel à
contributions</a> pour un prochain numéro de la revue Sources: Revue
interdisciplinaire sur les matériaux et leurs usages dans les études africaines
(UMIFRE Afrique et LAM Bordeaux):"Savoirs environnementaux et nature(s) en
Afrique : Collecter, produire et analyser des matériaux de recherche" coordonné
par Luisa Arango (Université de Strasbourg), Emilie Lavie (Université Paris
Diderot, UMR Prodig) et Emilie Guitard (UMR prodig) L<a href="https://cedejsudan.hypotheses.org/category/posts/cedej-publications/sources">a
ligne éditoriale est axée sur les matériaux de recherche</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La deuxième séance du Séminaire sur les
Approches Postcoloniales du CERI (Sciences Po) et du Ceped (Université Paris
Descartes) se tiendra le mardi 5 novembre 2019 de 17h à 19h au Centre de
recherches internationales (56 rue Jacob, Salle Jean Monnet) avec l’intervention
d’Audrey Alejandro (LSE): "La critique (post-coloniale) est-elle
eurocentrique ? Une sociologie politique internationale de la 'domination
occidentale' dans la discipline des Relations internationales". La
présentation s'inscrit dans les réflexions engagées par l’intervenante dans son
récent ouvrage <a href="https://www.audreyalejandro.com/publications.html">Western
dominance in International Relations? The Internationalisation of IR in Brazil
and India (Routledge, 2019)</a>. L'inscription à cet événement est obligatoire <a href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/agenda/ceri/fr/event/La+critique+%28post-coloniale%29+est-elle+eurocentrique+%3F?event=1528">ICI</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Laurent Touchard avait publié, en
autoédition, en 2017 </span><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.amazon.fr/Forces-Armees-Africaines-Organisation-equipements/dp/1545499802">Forces
armées africaines : Organisation, équipements, état des lieux et capacités</a>.
</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Un véritable outil de recherche.</span></em><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></em><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il vient
de <a href="https://fr.ulule.com/forces-armees-africaines-2020/?utm_campaign=presale_96383&utm_source=shared-from-Ulule-project-page-on-Facebook&utm_medium=post">lancer
une souscription</a> dans le but de financer la mise à jour de son <a href="https://www.lettrevigie.com/blog/2018/02/03/forces-armees-africaines-2016-2017-laurent-touchard-fiche-de-lecture/">livre</a>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Pour recevoir cette lettre directement par mail rendez vous sur la colonne
de droite : "Suivez l'actualité du blog par mail".</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-90934133269319425782019-10-27T14:40:00.002+01:002020-08-26T10:59:16.729+02:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (8) <br />
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le continent africain reste un acteur
marginalisé du système international. <a href="https://issafrica.org/research/africa-report/at-the-table-or-on-the-menu-africas-agency-and-the-global-order">Pour
l’ISS le continent est « résilient mais marginal ».</a> Les
principaux défis auxquels sont confrontés les pays africains devant l'Assemblée
générale et le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies sont liés à leur capacité
de voter en tant que groupe cohérent.</span><span class="Titre3Car"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span class="tlid-translation">Les tendances démographiques et migratoires, ainsi que
la croissance économique, constituent des défis essentiels, mais représentent
également des opportunités pour le continent d'accroître sa présence dans le
nouvel ordre mondial.</span> L’une des caractéristiques essentielles de la
position de l’Afrique dans le monde est liée à sa démographie, en particulier
en ce qui concerne la forte poussée de jeunesse du continent. Selon l’ONU, la
population africaine est estimée à 1,3 milliard d’habitants. Environ 37%, soit
410 millions de personnes, vivent sous le seuil de pauvreté de 1,90 USD par
jour. La population du continent devrait atteindre environ 2,2 milliards d’ici
à 2050. En particulier, la population de jeunes africains (15 à 29 ans)
représente environ 60% de la population totale et devrait atteindre 830
millions d’ici 2050.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicGxpK3pycQDZln3mur2D5Bb_9YpaJb_6RyQ4jL041nc46exPu8MDehHxl36PTXeWshuKkg_WQqpRBgRfoneezuDqPmHuOjpAf-wPKz-hz7Rr77IaIjppkhp41cvNqrsyonzDh8vbWw0Ix/s1600/EHVEjjaW4AAVpgG.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicGxpK3pycQDZln3mur2D5Bb_9YpaJb_6RyQ4jL041nc46exPu8MDehHxl36PTXeWshuKkg_WQqpRBgRfoneezuDqPmHuOjpAf-wPKz-hz7Rr77IaIjppkhp41cvNqrsyonzDh8vbWw0Ix/s320/EHVEjjaW4AAVpgG.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La <a href="https://www.areion24.news/produit/les-grands-dossiers-de-diplomatie-n-53/">revue
Diplomatie consacre son dernier numéro au concept d’Indo-Pacifique</a>. J’y
signe un article sur la place de l’Afrique dans ce concept. </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Qu’il
s’agisse d’un concept, d’une stratégie ou d’un simple espace géographique ce
numéro de Diplomatie montre qu’il n’existe pas de compréhension unanime de
cette vaste région parmi les acteurs internationaux. En revanche, on peut noter
l’absence de stratégie Indo-pacifique des pays de la côte est-africaine et
l’apparition de manière quasi anecdotique de l’Afrique dans les documents stratégiques
des puissances occidentales. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pourtant l’Afrique de l’Est est bien au cœur
d’un nouveau « grand jeu » entre les grandes puissances et cette rive,
avec ses neuf ports, du Caire au Cap et ses vingt pays, de l’Egypte à l’Afrique
du Sud, ne peut être délaissée.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Sommet Russie-Afrique </b></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La Russie a organisé son sommet
Russie-Afrique du 22 au 25 octobre 2019 à Sotchi. LA FRS propose une étude sur
le sujet : « <a href="https://www.frstrategie.org/publications/notes/nouvelle-strategie-russe-afrique-subsaharienne-nouveaux-moyens-nouveaux-acteurs-2019">La
nouvelle stratégie russe en Afrique subsaharienne : nouveaux moyens et nouveaux
acteurs </a>».</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vladimir Poutine a annoncé la création d’un
nouveau mécanisme de dialogue et prévoit des sommets tous les trois ans, tour à
tour en Russie et dans un pays d’Afrique.</span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Corne
de l’Afrique</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Quand </span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Abiy Ahmed</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> s’est vu décerner le <a href="https://www.vaticannews.va/fr/monde/news/2019-10/prix-nobel-paix-2019-premier-ministre-ethiopien-interview.html">prix
Nobel de la paix</a>, le 11 octobre, «<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> pour
ses efforts en vue d'arriver à la paix et en faveur de la coopération
internationale </i>» avec l'Érythrée voisine, ce fut l’incompréhension pour une
partie de la communauté des experts qui estimait que ce prix ne se justifiait
pas (<a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/17/avec-le-nobel-abiy-ahmed-risque-de-delaisser-sa-mission-d-amener-l-ethiopie-a-la-democratie_6015827_3212.html">ICI</a>
et <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/17/avec-le-nobel-abiy-ahmed-risque-de-delaisser-sa-mission-d-amener-l-ethiopie-a-la-democratie_6015827_3212.html">ICI</a>).</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Le comité s’attendait bien sûr à recevoir des
critiques. Il se doutait qu’on lui reprocherait d’avoir attribué une récompense
aussi prestigieuse, de façon précipitée. En revanche, il ne se doutait pas
qu’une dizaine de jours plus tard, le nouveau récipiendaire tiendrait <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20191022-ethiopie-egypte-tensions-barrage-renaissance-abiy-ahmed-sissi-russie-afrique">des
propos fort peu pacifique</a> à l’encontre du voisin égyptien quant à la <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phJFrVAIwqA">construction d’un barrage
sur le Nil bleu </a>: « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Si nous
devons entrer en guerre, nous pouvons mobiliser des millions de personnes. Si
certains peuvent tirer un missile, d’autres peuvent utiliser des bombes</i> ». Le
prix Nobel de la paix qui a été attribué au président Abye est ainsi venu reconnaître
le dégel entre les deux pays et récompenser le courage politique de ce
dirigeant. Certes, la situation régionale n’est pas apaisée, mais le comité du
Prix Nobel a souhaité récompenser une main tendue à l’Érythrée. La paix n’est
pas encore obtenue, et le comité l’admet. Les institutions internationales et
les grandes puissances devraient maintenant s’employer à soutenir ce processus
et le conduire jusqu’à une paix qui puisse être durable. J’ai répondu à ces
critiques <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/26/le-comite-du-prix-nobel-a-su-reconnaitre-l-espoir-qu-abiy-ahmed-a-fait-naitre-en-afrique_6016999_3212.html?fbclid=IwAR2lGqcuTTo9YSdWMMYFH2nwhS0DgN8jK46YLtTiwnnCzBXd_S7QZXd9hnk">ICI</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le
chemin vers la démocratie reste semé d’embûches. Les tensions ethniques et
fédérales engendrées par les nouvelles libertés ont créé une bulle qui approche
dangereusement de son point d'ébullition, forçant des millions de personnes à
quitter leur foyer, et alors que s’alimente continûment la crainte d'une
fragmentation dans la violence… (lire le Thread de William Davison <a href="https://twitter.com/wdavison10/status/1188044888136388609">ICI)</a> <span class="tlid-translation">Cependant, n'oublions pas que les Éthiopiens ont vécu
sous le joug d’un empereur féodal puis sous celui d’une dictature marxiste meurtrière
et qu’enfin un régime de parti unique impitoyable a eu une longue emprise sur
lui...</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13533312.2019.1676642">Les
opérations de maintien de la paix des Nations Unies réduisent-elles le nombre
de déplacés ? Ce papier</a> étudie l’impact de la présence de troupes de l’ONU
sur les déplacements de populations au Soudan du Sud. Ainsi les soldats de la
paix peuvent attirer les personnes déplacées vers des zones de sécurité. Rappelons
que depuis décembre 2013, le conflit au Soudan du Sud a engendré plus de 2,5
millions de réfugiés et 2.2 millions de déplacés.</span><span face="" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<br />
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<span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Il
faut lire la Tribune de l’écrivain anglo-soudanais Jamal Mahjoub dans <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/10/19/jamal-mahjoub-pour-eviter-le-desastre-le-soudan-doit-repartir-de-zero_6016132_3232.html">Le
Monde </a>: «<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> L’unité est la
clé du succès de la révolution. Les préjugés et les barrières de classe, de
race et de genre doivent tous être renversés pour se substituer au principe de
citoyenneté. La question de l’inégalité, qui a été le véritable moteur de la
révolution, doit être désormais affrontée en profondeur, au niveau
institutionnel, et se traduire par de profonds changements et une véritable
inclusion. </i>» Ce qui se passe immédiatement après une contestation populaire est
tout aussi essentiel que ce qui se passe pendant : «<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://carnegieeurope.eu/2019/10/24/after-protest-pathways-beyond-mass-mobilization-pub-80135"> What
happens in the immediate aftermath of a protest is just as crucial as what
occurs during the protest. <span lang="" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It
is a major factor in determining whether mass protest becomes a force to
restructure politics or ultimately remains a dramatic yet ineffective interlude
in the status quo. Yet even though this is a vital question in contemporary
politics, after each successive protest, the media quickly moves onto other
issues and policymakers turn to the next dramatic crisis. Vital postprotest
trends and dilemmas can easily get lost from view</span></a></i></span><span lang="" style="line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">”. </span></div>
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<span class="css-901oao">La Revue
internationale des études du développement lance un appel à contributions pour
son dossier spécial "<a href="https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/fileadmin/RevDev/Appels_%C3%A0_contribution/AAC-FONCIER_ET_CONFLITS_VIOLENTS_EN_AFRIQUE-FR-EN-ESP-VF.pdf">Foncier
et conflits violents en Afrique</a>" à paraître en 2020. Date limite : 15
novembre 2019.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-27669036176516747442019-10-06T18:57:00.001+02:002019-10-06T18:57:28.338+02:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (7) <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDX_7xUToxM&fbclid=IwAR1_uFYaxkVr6TShMZNkFDwipc6FdXJBqI02mQWmwBAc4FmcPxr1f02WaUc">Écoutez la leçon inaugurale</a> de François-Xavier Fauvelle au Collège de France ! J'ai hâte de découvrir sa dernière direction d’ouvrage « <a href="http://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article3085">Atlas historique de l’Afrique<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span>– De la préhistoire à nos jours</a> »
avec Isabelle Surun. Cette <a href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/culture-africaine/lhistoire-de-l-afrique-ne-rentre-pas-dans-les-decoupages-chronologiques-que-nous-connaissons_3642759.html">dernière
explique dans une interview </a>: « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la continuité
qu’on y observe n’a pas la même temporalité qu’en Europe. Il faut ainsi sortir
d’une vision eurocentrée. L’histoire africaine ne rentre pas dans les
découpages et césures chronologiques que nous connaissons. La période de
l’Afrique ancienne s’étend ainsi de la Préhistoire jusqu’au XVe siècle dans
certaines régions. Elle peut même déborder jusqu’au XIXe pour certains
royaumes. Un autre élément caractéristique de l’histoire de l’Afrique, c’est la
diversité, par exemple, des organisations socio-politiques. Les Etats
constitués sous forme de royaumes peuvent ainsi coexister avec des chefferies
ou des sociétés organisées sous forme de classes d’âge.</i> »</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI87bd0RCpOTNRB4OsSrjyc24-7y8Srb32QGYTF54RD1uDOrRALUAjzWFGXP5b3sYSOZHrNSOM6dyx827JiEpV30UO8yCHSOIKs1v0Pg69Tutmo8SXoib35U6EmbdWchnO9MHwK2Gy_Cg8/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="620" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI87bd0RCpOTNRB4OsSrjyc24-7y8Srb32QGYTF54RD1uDOrRALUAjzWFGXP5b3sYSOZHrNSOM6dyx827JiEpV30UO8yCHSOIKs1v0Pg69Tutmo8SXoib35U6EmbdWchnO9MHwK2Gy_Cg8/s320/2.jpg" width="220" /></a></div>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Abou Djaffar
commente le contexte dans lequel la leçon inaugurale </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">de François-Xavier Fauvelle a été prononcée</span> : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On aurait aimé, bien sûr, que cet évènement
soit retransmis à la télévision, peut-être sur LCI, mais ceux qui aiment les
pétainistes ne goûtent guère les africanistes</i> ». </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Merci à lui pour sa chaleureuse dédicace sur son <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/aboudjaffar/2019/10/06/clear-and-present-danger/?fbclid=IwAR2z631CrNEJwC9Cp6tu77FSLAFNuPlGBS01W-CpiTJ9k2yhiY2cMh5N0os">incontournable
blog </a>!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">De nombreux
sommets cherchent à renforcer les relations avec entre des continents/pays et
le continent africain. Le <a href="https://www.blogger.com/Japan%E2%80%99s%20Tokyo%20International%20Conference%20on%20African%20Development%20(TICAD)">CSIS</a>
propose une analyse du TICAD et un graphique de ces sommets internationaux.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaXY67nFd2xoBZHWh81z3zfSMr6AjXBAMRPSA5ws-K8J3P5Rj6D42Bx-LQWnaJNp9P-7dPuk6dOI2UCobFqyd95A8pPGAjBtnmQ9VE3cmXe6zD5Bnvi5nRDz-mjcWdWkhawrYZqJNFvSRb/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="1060" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaXY67nFd2xoBZHWh81z3zfSMr6AjXBAMRPSA5ws-K8J3P5Rj6D42Bx-LQWnaJNp9P-7dPuk6dOI2UCobFqyd95A8pPGAjBtnmQ9VE3cmXe6zD5Bnvi5nRDz-mjcWdWkhawrYZqJNFvSRb/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Corne de l’Afrique</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Quelle est l’influence
des combattants étrangers (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">foreign
fighters</i>) au sein du groupe Al Shabaab ? lls sont présents depuis le début de insurrection et particulièrement en 2007-2008 lors des combats contre l’Éthiopie. Cette influence s’est petit à petit estompée. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21520844.2019.1658986?tokenDomain=eprints&tokenAccess=PFUR47NUMFTGZHKPSTYQ&forwardService=showFullText&target=10.1080%2F21520844.2019.1658986&doi=10.1080%2F21520844.2019.1658986&journalCode=ujme20&fbclid=IwAR3eX18whuCsjZUoNIbbDgFsxuVSALiBo8f03OkdL7NmeoyFASFxLB2H6hI">Un
article académique</a> étudie quatre périodes marquantes du groupe terroriste: l’émergence de l'Union des
Tribunaux islamiques avant 2006, la période juste après l’invasion éthiopienne (2007-2008),
les conquêtes territoriales d'al-Shabaab de 2009 à 2010 et les divisions
internes entre 2011 et 2013.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Malgré la multiplication des attaques (<a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiZsI6Z_YflAhUs8-AKHXp_D10QFjABegQIAhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F10%2F03%2Fsomalia-al-shabaab-targeted-us-eu-forces-this-week-heres-what-these-troops-are-doing-there%2F&usg=AOvVaw0c-8TeDC9sNGf7KzOOouET">ICI</a>
l’article de Paul D. Williams), <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20191002-ambassade-americaine-somalie-rouvre-portes">l’ambassade
américaine a rouvert</a> à Mogadiscio après 30 ans de fermeture !</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La mer Rouge et le
Golfe d’Aden constituent une voie maritime majeure du commerce international.
La situation politique des pays riverains et le nouveau grand jeu des
puissances internationales pourraient y menacer la liberté de circulation. <a href="https://issafrica.org/iss-today/safety-in-the-red-sea-corridor-cant-be-taken-for-granted">Un
nouveau rapport ISS</a> examine ces transformations et propose des
recommandations à l’aune des expériences d’autres zones maritimes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Environ 40% des
habitants du Soudan du Sud ont été déplacés par la guerre civile. <a href="https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2019/south-sudan-forced-out/index.html">Cet
article permet de prendre conscience</a> de l’ampleur du phénomène. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Afrique de l’Ouest</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Cette semaine de
nombreux articles se sont fait l’écho des inquiétudes autour de la situation du
Burkina Faso : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20191003-sahel-groupes-terroristes-ensemble-burkina-faso?ref=tw">Depuis
plusieurs mois en effet, le nord du Burkina fait l’objet d’assauts dont la logique
semble se dessiner aux yeux des experts. Les terroristes ont d'abord fait
sauter des infrastructures, comme les ponts autour de Djibo et Arbinda, coupant
ainsi du reste du monde les deux principales villes de la région. Les attaques
à un mois d’intervalle de Koutougou, au Burkina Faso, puis de Boulkessi, au
Mali, ont ensuite libéré momentanément l’espace frontalier des forces
militaires régulières. La région du Sahel, au nord du Burkina, est un carrefour
stratégique<span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></a></i>». Dans <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/10/03/le-burkina-faso-au-bord-de-l-effondrement_6014081_3212.html">Le
Monde</a> on apprend : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ouagadougou
a en effet perdu la main sur une bonne partie du pays. « Environ un tiers du
territoire échappe à son contrôle », affirme un officier de la police burkinabé </i>».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Un nouvel ouvrage revient
sur <a href="https://www.zedbooks.net/shop/book/the-trial-of-hissene-habre/">l’histoire
d’Hissene Habré</a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Il ne faut pas se
moquer mais... j’ai beaucoup ri à <a href="https://twitter.com/adam_sandor/status/1179002478110658560">ce Tweet d’Adam
Sandor</a> sur l’efficacité de la communauté internationale au Mali. A noter également <a href="http://imaf.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article3627">la publication d’Alpha Oumar
Konaré et Adame Ba Konaré</a> sur l’histoire du Mali.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Arts et littérature</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Allez visiter ce site :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://lithub.com/on-a-progressive-platform-for-new-african-literature/">Brittle
Paper</a></i> qui se définit comme : « an Afrocentric digital
literary space ».</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le saviez-vous ?
Les <a href="https://qz.com/africa/1684458/the-rise-of-literary-festivals-in-african-cities-lagos-hargeysa/?utm_source=email&utm_medium=africa-weekly-brief">festivals
de littérature se multiplient</a> sur le continent africain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Hâte de découvrir le
30 octobre le <a href="https://www.leslibraires.fr/livre/15976461-dictionnaire-enjoue-des-cultures-africaines-mabanckou-alain-fayard">Dictionnaires
enjoué des cultures africaines</a> d’Alain Mabanckou et Abdourahman Waberi.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMTlpQjf2g-e_4uhHDUSuWdsgEOcNd_BlrN8bZLJyz4me3DLqBZ0kcRPz3TF-KxuEe81e4DdU__17s4BKESTig4nC9RD2BxdJ7JRkpU-ZD-cO4TbOQl8-VD91uidRIQkd79g9vTjThJ_jf/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="603" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMTlpQjf2g-e_4uhHDUSuWdsgEOcNd_BlrN8bZLJyz4me3DLqBZ0kcRPz3TF-KxuEe81e4DdU__17s4BKESTig4nC9RD2BxdJ7JRkpU-ZD-cO4TbOQl8-VD91uidRIQkd79g9vTjThJ_jf/s320/3.jpg" width="201" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Les écrivains du
continent <a href="https://qz.com/africa/1717547/science-fiction-explains-evolving-china-africa-relations/">utilisent
la science-fiction</a> pour décrire la présence de la Chine en Afrique. </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Découvrez <a href="https://twitter.com/WendyLBelcher/status/1176515878894092289">ce fil
Twitter sur l’enseignement</a> de la littérature africaine dans des langues
africaines pour un public africain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Pour <a href="https://www.newframe.com/ruth-first-memorial-lecture-2019-achille-mbembe/">le
philosophe Achille Mbembe</a> le continent africain doit adopter une position
favorable aux migrations, éliminer progressivement les frontières coloniales et
devenir un "vaste espace de circulation".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629387.2019.1670645?utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound&af=R&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=researcher_app&journalCode=fnas20">Cet
article</a> revient sur les discriminations, le racisme et l’esclavagisme à l’encontre
des Noirs en Afrique du Nord depuis les révolutions arabes. Et <a href="https://africasacountry.com/2017/08/algerias-black-fear">celui-ci</a>
étudie en particulier la question en Algérie. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Pour recevoir cette lettre directement par mail rendez vous sur la colonne de droite : "Suivez l'actualité du blog par mail".</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-1925380781108666432019-09-29T19:22:00.000+02:002019-09-29T19:33:51.466+02:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (6)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Corne
de l’Afrique</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hâte d’écouter le <a href="https://twitter.com/CrisisGroup/status/1177522769543794688">nouveau
podcast de l’International Crisis Group</a> consacré à la Corne de l’Afrique
simplement intitulé « The Horn ». Décidément les transformations
contemporaines dans la Corne de l’Afrique font des émules. L’Université de
Washington <a href="https://jsis.washington.edu/africa/horn/?fbclid=IwAR03XUNLK51z52mYHnVAA2xoGKoi1zm5BydZ6Q9a_OXP0m8eDjRR2Rq1wI8">créée
une initiative pour</a> combler le manque de recherche sur le sujet. A quand la
même chose en France ?</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEJBlMvhyphenhyphenuXs52FPF04Jr3QyFyJMs31EtXb_EtpVa859fv2kr5Jr3zdZZ0lspIcegfbeViBYq7GDaf-lNlcn7IOxM26sB10q2Yy7g2Mj3zHCb87qLNtYxHwUI28acv-i67HbaHfEvv4ZC6/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="1584" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEJBlMvhyphenhyphenuXs52FPF04Jr3QyFyJMs31EtXb_EtpVa859fv2kr5Jr3zdZZ0lspIcegfbeViBYq7GDaf-lNlcn7IOxM26sB10q2Yy7g2Mj3zHCb87qLNtYxHwUI28acv-i67HbaHfEvv4ZC6/s400/1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pour vous aider à préparer vos syllabus de cours, la revue <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International
Affairs</i> propose une <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/pages/reading_lists">bibliographie</a>. Je
suis très fière de retrouver <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/94/5/1059/5092073">mon article sur
l’Ethiopie</a> dans la sélection Afrique aux côtés de <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/95/2/405/5315698?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Denis
Tull</a> sur l’armée malienne.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tefera Negash Gebregziabher <a href="https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/118/472/463/5505401?fbclid=IwAR1FxXC94yAcc4aFdxaXTNEDOEYayMWREURRhcLC4V5pQFcRuENe8WC_62s#__prclt=irxLyTi5">publie
dans <i>African Affairs</i> un article sur</a> l’histoire de l’idéologie portée au
sein du parti éthiopien TPLF : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It
argues that the circumstances surrounding the ‘shifts’ in ideologies by the
TPLF show that ideologies were used to consolidate power within the party and
later impose domination at the state level. A thorough investigation of the
ideological history of the TPLF is crucial as Ethiopia seems to be standing at
a critical ideological crossroad</i>.” </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le Journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2019.1670642?utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound&af=R&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=researcher_app&journalCode=fdem20"><i>Democratization</i>
consacre également un article à l’Ethiopie</a> et plus particulièrement à son
modèle de <i>Dévelopmental State</i>. C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>e
modèle adopté par l’Ethiopie ou le Rwanda semble être privilégié par les
donateurs internationaux bien qu’il s’accompagne de régimes autoritaires peu
regardant sur les droits de l’Homme. Cet article interroge ce paradoxe. Il faut
également lire <a href="https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2019/09/24/breaking-an-electoral-suicide-pact/">cette
analyse</a> sur les contestations politiques contemporaines en Ethiopie. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13698249.2018.1483125?needAccess=true">Harry
Verhoeven publie dans <i>Civil Wars</i></a> un article sur ‘interventionnisme des pays
du Golfe dans la Corne. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selon lui :
« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">this interventionist thrust is
historically rooted and deeply structural: the politics of state survival that dominate
both the Gulf and the Horn are leading aspiring regional hegemons with a
self-proclaimed responsibility to provide order to securitise their near
abroad. Originating from the self-identity of regional powers and efforts to
protect their respective domestic political settlements, this is producing a
profoundly destabilising pattern of regional polarization</i>”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les Cahiers d’Etudes africaines <a href="http://imaf.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article3609">publient un nouveau numéro</a>.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">J’ai hâte d’y lire cet article : « From
Grievance to Greed in Somalia. The Formation, Failure and Fall of the United
Somali Congress (1989-1991)”</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Sur Twitter Paul D. Williams spécialise de la
Somalie <a href="https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1176111383097643009">s’interroge
sur la nécessité pour l’AMISOM de négocier avec Al Shabaab</a>.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le Point Afrique consacre une série de
billets sur les féministes au Kenya avec notamment une <a href="https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/kenya-le-si-long-chemin-des-feministes-5-le-debat-irrigue-toute-la-societe-29-09-2019-2338387_3826.php">interview
de la politiste Marie-Emmanuelle Pomerolle</a> qui publie, avec Nanjala
Nyabola, “Where Women Are, Gender and the 2017 Kenyan Elections”. Elle explique :
« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Au Kenya, comme dans beaucoup
d'autres endroits, l'analyse des élections, et du politique en général, met en
avant les dynamiques de partis, les tensions ethniques, parfois les disparités
économiques, mais les rapports de genre sont invisibles. Pourtant, regarder les
élections avec ces lunettes permet d'enrichir l'analyse du politique. </i>»</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Afrique
de l’Ouest</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le <a href="https://dandurand.uqam.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Bulletin-FrancoPaix_vol-4_no-7-1.pdf">bulletin
franco Paix de septembre</a> porte sur l’armée guinéenne et s’interroge sur ce
qu’est «<i> une institution d’État, qui échappe à cet État à certains
moments, s’y confond à d’autres et qui repose sur des modes de gouvernement
ambigus et complexes </i>».</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La France est-elle intervenue dans le
Nord du Mali pour le pétrole ? C’est la question que pose Marc Antoine
Pérouse de Montclos et Thierry Hommel dans <a href="https://theconversation.com/la-france-militaire-en-afrique-un-mauvais-investissement-economique-123664?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Facebook&fbclid=IwAR3ChKkTixulH830O4JlYMXbXbrIMaviPJPkOfto2YiLsgHzk5nBKjhmnls#Echobox=1569406856">un
article de <i>The Conversation</i></a> Ils démontrent qu’ « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Il n’y a pas de corrélation entre les zones d’intervention de l’armée
française et la ventilation géographique des intérêts économiques de l’ancienne
puissance coloniale sur le continent</i>» e tplus loin d’ajouter : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Depuis 2013, les opérations Serval puis
Barkhane n’ont guère été rentables au vu de leur coût, qui a augmenté dans la
durée, et de leur incapacité à rétablir les parts de marché de la France, en
perte de vitesse dans ses secteurs phares : machines, appareils électriques et
électroniques, produits pharmaceutiques, aéronautique, automobile </i>».
En 2015, nous faisions le même type de constat <a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5270494">dans un
article sur la politique de la France au Sahel </a>: « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la France reste en général l’un des
principaux fournisseurs des cinq Etats. Inversement, ces derniers ne sont pas
les principaux partenaires de la France en termes d’échanges économiques.
Ainsi, la balance commerciale avec les Etats du Sahel est fortement
excédentaire en faveur de la France</i> ». Cette réflexion générale sur le
rôle des ressources dans le déclenchement des guerres nous rappelle <a href="http://www.tamoudre.org/geostrategie/declenche-t-on-vraiment-des-guerres-pour-le-petrole/">celle
de Romain Mielcarek </a>en 2016: « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La seule guerre dont on est convaincus qu’elle a été déclarée pour le
pétrole, est celle du Chaco, opposant la Bolivie et le Paraguay entre 1932 et
1935. 110 000 morts plus tard (un quart des combattants), on réalisera que la
vaste plaine convoitée par les deux voisins… ne dispose finalement d’aucunes
réserves. Dans les autres conflits, le pétrole n’est pas le motif de la guerre.
En tout cas pas le seul</i>. »</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A noter : L’Institut français de recherche en
Sciences Humaines au Nigéria (IFRA Ibadan) recherche son <a href="https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/postitext/post_it_imprimer_fiche.php?TT_POSTE_TRAVAIL=004360&ID_PROCESS_OBT_FICHE_POSTE=MAE_P0017&ID_PROCESS_OBT_FICHE_POSTE_SOURCE=MAE_P0016">nouveau
directeur </a>!</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Afrique
centrale</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lignes de défense a consacré une <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20190929-centrafrique-coeur-soft-power-russe-afrique">émission</a>
à la Russie en RCA. Ces derniers mois les oligarques russes ont massivement
investit en Centrafrique mais on voit également des <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">contractors</i> russes. La Russie déploie aussi son soft power dans les secteurs médicaux et agricoles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les travaux sur le Burundi se font
rares. Quel plaisir, donc, de lire <a href="https://lamenparle.hypotheses.org/1013">cet article de Jean Pierre
Chrétien </a>! Le chercheur spécialiste des Grands Lacs voit dans une
manifestation le 25 août dans les rues de Bujumbura pour dénoncer le Rwanda,
qui aurait « <i>volé et utilisé les tambours burundais en violation des lois
burundaises et même internationales” (…) une nouvelle tentative du régime de
Pierre Nkurunziza pour mobiliser contre le voisin rwandais des passions
nationalistes (voire « ethniques »), susceptibles d’être utiles lors du futur
scrutin présidentiel de 2020.</i> »</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dans le cadre de la troisième phase -
« l’insécurité en ville » - du Projet Usalama (dont l’objectif est d’étudier la
dynamique du conflit et de la violence et les effets de ces deux phénomènes sur
la société congolaise) <a href="http://riftvalley.net/publication/villes-violentes-societe-violente-analyser-la-violence-urbain-dans-lest-du-congo?fbclid=IwAR0D_rr7vdFsn6PtbF8WjUJg7Dm4KN7gNSfIFnTYuO84edAqT8RNtADSRlg#.XZDL5GbgrIV">Judith
Verweijen publie un rapport</a> sur la violence urbain dans l'est du Congo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Arts et littérature</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jetez un coup d’œil <a href="https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1176806994759553024">sur Twitter à ce
Thread</a> sur les 50 meilleurs livres africains écrits en anglais. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La <a href="https://calenda.org/669122">prochaine
journée d'étude de l'Association pour l'étude des littératures africaines</a>
se tiendra le 25 septembre 2020 à l'université Paris-Nanterre et sera consacrée
aux représentations artistiques et littéraires de la relation sino-africaine. Les
propositions de communication (300 mots maximum) accompagnées d’une brève bio-bibliographie
sont à adresser avant le 1er mars 2020 aux trois adresses suivantes :
ninon.chavoz@gmail.com ; pierr.leroux@gmail.comet fparavy@yahoo.fr</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conférences et appels à communications </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://etudes-africaines.cnrs.fr/actus_gis/les-6emes-rencontres-des-etudes-africaines-en-france-2020/">Appel
à contributions REAF 2020</a> : le Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique «Études
Africaines en France » tiendra ses sixièmes rencontres les mardi 7, mercredi 8,
jeudi 9 et vendredi 10 juillet 2020 à Marseille. Les chercheur.e.s sont
invité.e.s à déposer sur le site : https://reaf2020.sciencesconf.org<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>un document présentant une proposition
d’atelier au plus tard le 6 janvier 2020.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le <a href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/agenda/ceri/fr/event/Lecture+critique+de+la+r%C3%A9ception+des+approches+postcoloniales?event=1527">séminaire<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sur les approches postcoloniales (</a>SAP)
reprend avec une première séance le 1<sup>er</sup> octobre autour <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stéphane Dufoix, professeur des universités en
sociologie à l'Université Paris Nanterre.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Encore quelques heures pour s’inscrire
au <a href="http://www.sfhom.com/spip.php?article3109">Séminaire ’Conflits
armés et patrimoine en Afrique’</a> qui se tiendra le 10 octobre à Paris.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">In Mémorandum</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20190927-j-chirac-avait-une-vision-afrique-marquee-defense-pre-carre">27 septembre RFIrecevait Jean Merckaert</a>, rédacteur en chef de la revue Projets. Les hommages
sont unanimes ces derniers jours respectant l’adage latin « de mortuis
nihil nisi bonum » (des morts, on ne dit que du bien »). Pourtant
Jacques Chirac c’est aussi des « amitiés » peu recommandable qui se
traduisaient par un retour d’ascenseur comme les financements d’Omar Bongo. Une
politique de réseaux incarnée par des proches comme Foccart ou Pasqua.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Pour recevoir cette lettre directement par mail rendez vous sur la colonne de droite : "Suivez l'actualité du blog par mail".</b></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-14231011502429379522019-09-22T19:53:00.002+02:002019-09-22T20:11:11.054+02:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (5)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Afrique de l’Ouest</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le groupe Boko Haram a fait des femmes des <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2019.1650473?utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound&af=R&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=researcher_app&journalCode=fswi20">instruments
du terrorisme</a>. L’article évoque même la «militarisation» des corps de
femmes. Avez-vous lu <a href="https://www.leslibraires.fr/livre/15512837-girl-edna-o-brien-sabine-wespieser-editeur">Girl
de Edna O'Brien </a>? L’histoire de Maryam, jeune lycéenne enlevée avec d’autres
Lycéenne dans leur lycée de Chibok par Boko Haram, et sa lente reconstruction.
Un livre boulversant qui prend aux tripes.</span></div>
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Laurent Fourchard, discute de son nouvel ouvrage « Trier,
exclure et policer : Vies urbaines en Afrique du Sud et au Nigeria » dans <a href="http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2019/09/15/trier-exclure-et-policer-en-afrique-du-sud-et-au-nigeria/?fbclid=IwAR3UvXCUC5oPlqYVfG8RI44v2H3re-wbWFe-R_8ZC3S49-PZwfZOM-trqGA">Africa4</a> :
« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les dynamiques sociales des
métropoles étudiées dans ce livre (Johannesburg, Le Cap, Lagos, Ibadan, Kano)
correspondent en partie à ces lectures : ces villes sont réputées dangereuses
dominées par des quartiers populaires dans lesquels l’emploi informel et le
chômage est hypertrophié et les services publics souvent absents. Cependant si
les dimensions raciales du projet colonial et néolibérales de l’urbanisation
mondiale sont à garder à l’esprit elles ne disent pas tout du poids des
ingénieries bureaucratiques, politiques et sociales dans la fabrique de formes
d’exclusions dans ces métropoles. L’approche à la fois historienne et
ethnographique de ce livre montrent d’autres divisions à l’œuvre. C’est
notamment les manières singulières dont le maintien de l’ordre opère au quotidien
dans ces villes. Les quartiers populaires sont policés, moins par les appareils
de l’Etat que par des organisations volontaires actives sur un long 20ème
siècle</i>. »</div>
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L’<a href="https://www.acleddata.com/2019/09/17/regional-overview-africa-17-september-2019/">ACLED</a>
revient sur les violences politiques de la semaine sur le continent en
particulier les attaques d’Al Shabaab contre des représentants du gouvernement
somalien et contre un camp militaire (<a href="https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1W70CK-OZATP">ICI</a>), l’Ethiopie
a démantelé des <a href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ethiopia-violence/ethiopia-says-detains-suspected-islamist-militants-planning-attacks-idUKKBN1W60MW?fbclid=IwAR3SJR7GeaeTWUAt5o_NkxaO5v8Oo2buRTrjoLx_DiDRac0GJpDvn282_-0">tentatives
d’attaques</a> dans la capitale, l’intensification des batailles entre l’Armée
nationale libyenne (LNA) de Khalifa Haftar et le Gouvernement d’accord national
(GNA) en Libye, la violence dirigée contre des civils en République
démocratique du Congo et au <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190920-islamic-state-group-attack-burkina-faso-soldiers">Burkina
Faso</a> et de nombreuses manifestations au Nigéria autour de Ashura.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisecd738x4dI26d2AW9d4V_db3-Okw1bRaxtbRVRo77u7jWR_1jgpXW3xp0ALPNuQxMrGcv0y0xxier5u3ppHEP8tYAPsZ29o82fPivmkteYDWb_pYdEm6HAzu4YxQ3C5rQIpO_8p0XcP0/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1100" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisecd738x4dI26d2AW9d4V_db3-Okw1bRaxtbRVRo77u7jWR_1jgpXW3xp0ALPNuQxMrGcv0y0xxier5u3ppHEP8tYAPsZ29o82fPivmkteYDWb_pYdEm6HAzu4YxQ3C5rQIpO_8p0XcP0/s320/1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<![endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;">Corne de l’Afrique</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Découvrez <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649814?journalCode=fswi20">l’article</a>de Katharine Petrich et de Phoebe Donnelly sur les relations entre les
terroristes du groupes Al Shabab et les prostitués. Cette approche permet de mieux comprendre l’idéologie
et la stratégie du groupe. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Jean-Nicolas Bach, Directeur du CEDEJ Khartoum publie <a href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/OAE12_201907.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1JfvzN9CCFpp24JoLh-TWM0YGRzcD0Ojnojy23RZSkijAatd_SsY1tnG8">un
nouveau rapport sur le Soudan</a>. Il revient revient sur la révolte débutée en
décembre 2018 jusqu’à l’accord de juillet 2019 entre la coalition civile et le
Conseil militaire de transition. Il s’interroge également sur les enjeux de l’accord
civilo-militaire signé en juillet 2019, la place des groupes dits marginalisés
et rebelles, et l’avenir du « mouvement islamiste » soudanais.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Jetez un œil au sommaire du dernier <i>International Affairs</i> qui
propose <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ia/issue/95/5">un numéro spécial</a>
sur la sécurité maritime. On retrouvera également <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19392206.2019.1667053?utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound&af=R&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=researcher_app&journalCode=uafs20">un
article</a> sur le sujet dans African Security où Robert McCabe qui revient sur
la lutte contre la piraterie dans le Golfe d’Aden et son impact sur Djibouti et
le Kenya qui ont effectué un virage stratégique en direction de l'océan,
rompant avec une approche historique de la sécurité centrée sur la terre. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Les États du Golfe sont rivaux dans la Corne de l'Afrique et
cherchent à contrôler la mer Rouge. <a href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/206-intra-gulf-competition-africas-horn-lessening-impact">L’ICG
revient sur ces luttes d’influence</a>. </div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvhN3CJlEmXhHWywWblNwB3YhBRyO2_V7JOSx4Dd34K-br0vvEIdEk-aCsBp2lSS2dHoqHlzv350vojSv3WJgRoU77RHlfKPq9QEAWiJHschbtEdyu-QCOMC2SoTpsEImBB9Aixv2tMSZP/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="647" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvhN3CJlEmXhHWywWblNwB3YhBRyO2_V7JOSx4Dd34K-br0vvEIdEk-aCsBp2lSS2dHoqHlzv350vojSv3WJgRoU77RHlfKPq9QEAWiJHschbtEdyu-QCOMC2SoTpsEImBB9Aixv2tMSZP/s320/2.png" width="264" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Grégoire Mettra revient dans <a href="http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2019/09/22/la-corne-de-lafrique-la-fin-des-annees-1970/">Africa4</a>
sur la Corne de l'Afrique à la fin des années 1970.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Saviez-vous que <a href="https://twitter.com/ahmedvision1/status/1149285116692316161">les citrons
séchés</a> sont l’un des principaux produits exporté par la Somalie ? Ils
sont envoyés principalement aux Émirats arabes unis. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Les salaires des <a href="https://twitter.com/Barkinka1/status/1155209861380169728">officiers de
l’armée somalienne</a> représentent 20% du budget de la défense du pays.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Le port de Berbera a joué un rôle clé dans la construction
du Somaliland. Les récents accords conclus avec les gouvernements des Émirats
arabes unis et de l'Éthiopie pour moderniser le port pourraient rapprocher le
Somaliland de la reconnaissance internationale <a href="http://riftvalley.net/publication/berbera-port?fbclid=IwAR35PiHjn-CVfsW5LUmo0CoFOTf8DNLnHGyQWE4GtE1XKLyOYe5RQCOS4-g#.XYeYH2bgrIV">selon
Warsame M. Ahmed.</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Publications</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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</xml><![endif]-->Cet <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21647259.2019.1633760#.XYKqMTKDETs.twitter">article</a>
traite du «tournant local» dans les études sur la paix. A ce sujet, dans le
cadre de la Masterclass Global Actors for Peace que je coorganisais la semaine
dernière à l’Université Catholique de Lille, nous avons pu échanger avec
Séverine Autesserre autour de son <a href="http://www.severineautesserre.com/research/on-the-frontlines-of-peace/">nouveau livre</a>. Vous pouvez retrouver l’interview
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ih2AVcosPkA">ICI</a>.</div>
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<![endif]--> Ne manquez pas ce <a href="http://democracyinafrica.org/womens-right-activism-africa/">nouveau livre</a>
sur l’activisme féminin en Afrique.<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Démocratie</b></div>
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La démocratie semble régresser partout dans le monde et le
continent africain n’est pas une exception selon <a href="https://afriquedecryptages.wordpress.com/2019/07/03/vers-un-retour-de-lautoritarisme-en-afrique-interview-video-avec-thierry-vircoulon/">Thierry
Vircourlon</a>. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dans <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/16/african-dictators-have-been-losing-power-some-democratic-governments-militaries-can-tip-scales-toward-free-elections/">The
Monkey Cage</a> un article montre que « I<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">n the past four years, 26 African countries have had <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/2019-06-11/africas-democratic-moment">transfers
of power</a> — a level of political turnover unseen since the 1990s. More than
half the time, an opposition candidate defeated an incumbent in an election and
took power. (…)In many African nations, democracy rests on shaky <a href="https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/aspirations-and-realities-in-africa-five-reflections/">foundations</a>.
Respect for civil and political liberties in Africa has been <a href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/2019-01-17/retreat-african-democracy">declining</a>
for years, as has the proportion of Africans living in a democracy.
Authoritarians continue rigging elections, repressing political opponents and
staging coups</i>”.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Arts et littérature</span></b></div>
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<span class="tlid-translation">Découvrez le <a href="https://twitter.com/DaveEvansPhD/status/1147516299737804801">projet de
Dave Evans</a> de lire un livre de chaque pays africain cette année (avec Abdourahman
A. Waberi pour Djibouti).</span> Une initiative qui rappelle celle-ci «<a href="https://ayearofreadingtheworld.com/thelist/">Une année pour lire le monde </a>».</div>
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<span class="css-901oao">Mulatu Astatke, le <a href="http://pan-african-music.com/mulatu-astatke-le-parrain-de-lethio-jazz/">parrain
de l'éthio-jazz</a> a été décoré de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres par le <a href="https://twitter.com/franckriester/status/1174774736557092866">ministre de
la Culture</a>.</span></div>
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<span class="css-901oao">Dans le cadre de la Masterclass Global Actors for Peace nous avons organisé une table ronde sur le Rwanda avec le <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--3rrdhhY44&t=5s">couple Gauthier </a>et le <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XW591Xml03E">juge Getti</a>. Nos étudiants ont toutes la semaine dessiné (avec l'aide de Winoc) ce qu'ils ont retenu, le Rwanda les a inspiré : </span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-24707811337527077552019-09-15T19:28:00.001+02:002019-09-15T19:28:37.063+02:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (4)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selon le géographe
Marc Lavergne, la trajectoire étatique du Soudan rappelle celle des Etats dits « faillis »
de la bande saharo-sahélienne : « </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/monde/du-soudan-au-yemen-ce-que-nous-dit-la-recomposition-politique-en-cours-en-afrique-20190911"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">le modèle de l’État
westphalien paraît ainsi souvent remis en cause</span></a> ». Une réflexion
déjà courante en science politique (exemple <a href="https://www.academia.edu/12861058/LE_GOURIELLEC_Sonia_La_menace_strat%C3%A9gique_des_%C3%89tats_faibles_quand_les_faits_relativisent_la_th%C3%A9orie_IRSEM_note_de_recherche_strat%C3%A9gique_n_18_avril_2015"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ICI</span></a>).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le spécialiste Rashid Abdi propose son <a href="https://twitter.com/RAbdiCG/status/1172894239287590913"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">analyse</span></a> sur la
suspension du projet de base militaire émiratie à Berbera au Somaliland.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Le
nombre de morts au sein de la mission de l’Union africaine en Somalie est un
sujet très sensible. <a href="https://theglobalobservatory.org/2019/09/update-how-many-fatalities-amisom-has-suffered/"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Paul D. Williams propose une
estimation</span></a> de 1,483 à <span> </span>1,884
entre mars <span> </span>2007 et décembre 2018.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2p615tjJ-1AZaJ_-1C_jLbR8msC3t5RpXq_0lWCTZrtxw1I_RZdWFpatDRfMgd4zzaF5whyphenhypheneMj-MUWqjEzARLcJIVXshH_-KALzyzgcsx9Brj_uj6hMfCfB6WBFcw924b6TkfgPlI2YOV/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="763" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2p615tjJ-1AZaJ_-1C_jLbR8msC3t5RpXq_0lWCTZrtxw1I_RZdWFpatDRfMgd4zzaF5whyphenhypheneMj-MUWqjEzARLcJIVXshH_-KALzyzgcsx9Brj_uj6hMfCfB6WBFcw924b6TkfgPlI2YOV/s400/1.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Afrique de l’Ouest</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Depuis
plusieurs mois maintenant l’échec patent des actions de sécurisation et de
développement menées dans le Sahel fait l’objet de nombreux articles. Pour <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/09/13/au-sahel-on-a-l-impression-que-plus-rien-n-est-controle_1751254"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">le photographe Pascal Maitre </span></a>:
«<i> En France, on n’a aucune conscience de ce qui se passe là-bas, alors que notre
pays mène une véritable guerre dont l’issue reste incertaine </i>». Les observateurs
restent circonspects face à <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/09/15/lutte-contre-le-djihadisme-l-afrique-de-l-ouest-adopte-un-plan-d-un-milliard-de-dollars_5510574_3210.html?utm_term=Autofeed&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1568502331"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">l’annonce</span></a> la
décision phare du sommet extraordinaire « de lutte contre le terrorisme » de la
Communauté économique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (Cédéao) de débloquer
un milliard sur 4 ans pour lutter contre le djihadisme. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://theconversation.com/dialogue-does-not-mean-defeat-rethinking-africas-stance-on-counter-terrorism-122795"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pour Akinola Olojo</span></a>:
« <i>This situation raises two questions. The first is whether the
predominant approach by affected countries, anchored by the use of force, is
capable of delivering a lasting solution? The answer is no. Militarised
responses have helped but are unsustainable in the long term. This is because
of the multi-dimensional nature of violent extremism or terrorism</i>.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Le
<a href="http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/mpome/pods-dynamic-map.html"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">small Arms Survey’s Peace
Operations Data Set (PODS)</span></a> propose cette carte des attaques sur des
troupes du maintien de la paix qui auraient menés à la perte de leurs armes et
/ou munitions.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirkMSmd5imgeVD6jyTQHwEWjipoq80_OrZJY2qCHa4ahAGiobr7AjJ1LfSvJZcw8c3MvyGHsgsGGhfBgAGVT_VZNjlLKQXKaKkO_wr7TrnilSsgWC8H7dajTmukofTe9kx_FDPBR2IPj6h/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="693" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirkMSmd5imgeVD6jyTQHwEWjipoq80_OrZJY2qCHa4ahAGiobr7AjJ1LfSvJZcw8c3MvyGHsgsGGhfBgAGVT_VZNjlLKQXKaKkO_wr7TrnilSsgWC8H7dajTmukofTe9kx_FDPBR2IPj6h/s400/2.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>Conférences et
appels à communications </span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span><a href="http://imaf.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article3537"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Appel à communications</span></a> pour le colloque « <i>African
Futures : Promises, Projections and Reflections on a Continent in Transition</i> »
qui se tiendra à Cagliari du9-13 June 2020.</span></div>
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<span>La
dateline pour <a href="http://imaf.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article3575"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">l’appel à communications</span></a>
du colloque « Quand le sud pense le nord : défis méthodologiques, enjeux
épistémologiques » approche (30 septembre). </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.obsfr.ru/fr/events/view/article/konferencija-rossija-afrika.html"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">conférence</span></a> est
organisée le 10 octobre sur la Russie en Afrique organisée par l’Observatoire
franco-russe. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03056244.2019.1635442?af=R&utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Cet article</span></a> propose
un vue générale des relations économiques entre la Russie et le continent africain.
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Afriques dans le Monde organise les 3 et 4 octobre prochain un colloque « <span style="color: #222222;">Penser le genre des expériences de la violence politique
en Afrique. Incidences biographiques, transmissions générationnels et
familiales ».</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><a href="http://www.arnaudcontreras.com/sahara-music"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Arnaud Contreras</span></a> grand spécialiste des
musiques du Sahara et du groupe Touareg TINARIWEN <a href="https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-reveil-culturel/le-blues-electrifie-detinariwen-fait-entendre-au-monde-les-revendications-des-touaregs"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">interviewe</span></a> Eyadou
Ag-Leche, le bassiste du groupe pour la sortie de leur neuvième album. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Jusqu’au
vendredi 20 septembre ( 8h30 à 17) <a href="https://www.mairie02.paris.fr/actualites/dans-les-yeux-de-maidugiri-627"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pensez à visiter l’exposition</span></a>
« Dans les yeux de Maidugiri » du photographe nigérian Adah Clarence
Ugbede (Gottay Photography), qui donne à voir les visages et les histoires des
populations déplacées et vulnérables de Maiduguri, au Nigeria. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Le
<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/09/edna-obrien-girl/594721/">livre Girl de l’écrivaine irlandaise Edna O’Brien </a>est fascinant et bouleversant.
Il raconte l’histoire d’une jeune lycéenne, Maryam, enlevée lors du fameux rapt
des lycéennes de Chibok par Boko Haram en 2014 : « <i>J'étais une
fille autrefois, c'est fini. Je pue. Couverte de croûtes de sang, mon pagne en
lambeaux. Mes entrailles, un bourbier. Emmenée en trombe à travers cette forêt
que j'ai vue, cette première nuit d'effroi, quand mes amies et moi avons été
arrachées à l'école…</i> »</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>Publications</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Après
la publication de de Vries, Englebert et Schomerus « <a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783319902050"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Secessionism in African Politics Aspiration,
Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment </span></a>» en début d’année, un <a href="https://press.ucalgary.ca/books/9781773851266/"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nouvel ouvrage</span></a> est consacré à cette thématique. <span style="color: blue;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><a href="https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/francois-xavier-fauvelle/course-2019-2020.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Voici le programme</span></a>
2019-2020 du cours de François-Xavier Fauvelle « Introduction aux mondes
africains médiévaux » au Collège de France (à partir du 31 octobre).</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Comment
écrire sur l’Afrique ? <a href="https://granta.com/how-to-write-about-africa/"><span style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Voici</span></a> une réponse drôle et ironique. </span></span></span></h4>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-22214228635345610052019-09-08T19:29:00.000+02:002019-09-08T19:29:20.517+02:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (3)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Corne de l’Afrique</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le Khat,
cette plante « broutée » en Afrique de l’Est, est de plus en plus
demandé. Emeline Wuilbercq y consacre <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/09/04/le-khat-or-vert-de-l-ethiopie_5506059_3212.html?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1567578243">un
article</a> dans Le Monde. Elle rappelle que « l<i>e volume de khat expédié
hors des frontières a plus que doublé, passant de 22,4 millions à 48,8 millions
de kilos. D’octobre à novembre 2018, la plante a même dépassé le café en tant
que principal produit d’exportation en valeur. Elle a rapporté 107 millions de
dollars (97,5 millions d’euros) en un mois, selon le ministère du commerce et
de l’industrie, soit le double de celles du café</i>". Terrence Lyons (qui
vient de publier un <a href="https://www.rienner.com/title/The_Puzzle_of_Ethiopian_Politics">ouvrage
sur l’Ethiopie</a>) écrit avec Hilary Matfess <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/07/15/whats-behind-ethiopias-recent-political-violence/">un
article</a> pour <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Monkey Cage</i>. Après
la tentative de coup d’Etat fin juin et la perspective des élections en mai
2020, comment le régime éthiopien peut-il faire face à l’escalade des violences ?
A voir également : Al Jazeera propose un <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/my-ethiopia/2019/09/meaza-ashenafi-judging-ethiopia-future-190902094956760.html?fbclid=IwAR1Ei7oHzwL1TQmLExujFhUrfOJF1s3HB2Wg9P2V98mRnEYugmVqu25TT_s">reportage</a>
sur la présidente de la Cour Suprême Meaza Ashenafi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anne-Laure
Mahé à l’IRSEM publie <a href="https://www.irsem.fr/data/files/irsem/documents/document/file/3204/NR_IRSEM_78_2019.pdf">une
note de recherche</a> sur l’appareil sécuritaire soudanais. Elle s’interroge la
transition en cours est-elle « un<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>véritable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>changement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>régime<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ou<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>une<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>simple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transformation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>du<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>système<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pour survivre à la crise
? ». Le 5 septembre, Abdallah Hamdok a présenté la <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2019/09/06/soudan-abdallah-hamdok-devoile-le-premier-gouvernement-de-transition_5506940_3210.html">composition
de son gouvernement</a> de transition (dix-huit membres dont quatre femmes).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Très
heureuse de vous annoncer la sortie prochaine de « <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429296147">Diplomacy and
Borderlands. <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">African Agency at
the Intersections of Orders</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">” dirigé par Katharina
P. Coleman, Markus Kornprobst, Annette Seegers. J’y signe un chapitre “Establishment
of a New Regional Order in the Horn of Africa”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Afrique de l’Ouest</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nous vous annoncions la publication de l’ouvrage de Benedikt
Erforth “Contemporary French Security Policy in Africa. On Ideas and Wars”, il
est <a href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/en/content/what-french-security-policy-africa-today-interview-benedikt-erforth?fbclid=IwAR0US1teawAMhHoa6euT-Z9324z6VaYOJcrfuLrzd6v4DrqdxPs3YGmRiec">interviewé
par le CERI</a> et revient sur sa méthodologie : “ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">This research aims at explaining French interventionism by drawing on
actors’ subjective perceptions of reality. To do so, the book adopts an
actor-centric constructivist ontology. It combines both institutional and
ideational approaches to identify the emergence of ideas and to trace their
diffusion within the French foreign policy apparatus. By investigating
ideational variables through the lenses of the policy-makers themselves, this
book seeks to unravel the hidden dynamics of decision-making. This micro-foundational
approach is rooted in discourse analysis and pays particular attention to the
processes and people that constitute the state.</i>” </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">France Inter
a consacré son émission <a href="https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/secrets-d-info/secrets-d-info-07-septembre-2019">Secrets
d’infos</a> à l’assassinat Ghislaine Dupont et Claude Verlon il y a six ans. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Migrations </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hascaption"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les décodeurs <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/06/20/ou-ont-fui-les-74-8-millions-de-personnes-contraintes-a-l-exil_5479071_4355770.html?fbclid=IwAR0HWrft4ZwaY9D4vYra1rypx-zFKpGECLe25RjPpfEXr9o866Oi026Kbsc">publient
un graphique</a> sur les pays qui accueillent le plus de migrants/réfugiés
(guerre, climat, autre raison de force) dans le monde. </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoNXbQQCwcD0a6H174euEL7v4iFwfwYjWdymXsPF-DExUiCGe-U7XXHN_uUW2Gy4kEJtLdBZnXUA6cSuZcdJejplc1AfXF_Q_5rqFtaSwH0yd4wM080gzt5aFaNiPZgwWMdYTKvAJzuVwn/s1600/IMage+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="575" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoNXbQQCwcD0a6H174euEL7v4iFwfwYjWdymXsPF-DExUiCGe-U7XXHN_uUW2Gy4kEJtLdBZnXUA6cSuZcdJejplc1AfXF_Q_5rqFtaSwH0yd4wM080gzt5aFaNiPZgwWMdYTKvAJzuVwn/s400/IMage+1.png" width="397" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Histoire</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Quel
bonheur de lire Cheikh Hamidou Kane, l’auteur de L’Aventure ambiguë. A près de
90 ans il accorde une <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/08/31/cheikh-hamidou-kane-l-afrique-n-existe-plus-elle-a-ete-depossedee-de-son-espace_5348682_3212.html?fbclid=IwAR0wTZV34eW5uI_gPAqKEEvEoy_Ds2JQY-64peBzMC2bcOzftfCiPDW6Ptc">interview
au journal Le Monde </a>: « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Il
faut poursuivre le travail entamé. Rome n’a pas été construite en un jour !
L’Afrique, comme disait Ki-Zerbo, a été victime d’une dépossession de son
espace – ses empires ont été dépecés en une cinquantaine de territoires, au
profit des colonisateurs. L’Afrique n’existe plus. Elle a perdu son initiative
politique et son identité endogène. A l’école, ce sont les langues du colon qui
sont enseignées. La législation, l’organisation sociale et familiale sont
calquées sur celles de l’Occident. Il faut donc que l’Afrique redevienne
elle-même en se basant sur les structures antérieures à la colonisation </i>».
On y apprend également qu’il a un projet en cours : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Je travaille à un projet qui me tient à cœur
depuis un moment. Je veux retracer l’épopée de l’empire du Mali fondé par
Soundjata Keïta. Elle a donné naissance à la charte du Mandé. J’aimerais
rappeler cette page d’histoire à la jeunesse africaine et au monde </i>».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le Cours de
l’histoire sur France Culture consacre une <a href="https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/le-cours-de-lhistoire/quand-lafrique-reve-ses-civilisations-passees">émission
à l’histoire de l’Afrique</a> avec François-Xavier Fauvelle : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Il y a une ethnicisation et une
esthétisation de l’art africain. (…) C’est pourquoi je milite pour une restitution
de l’art africain aux pays d’origine et surtout pour une resémantisation,
c’est-à-dire travailler les pays à qui on veut restituer, pour qu’on
reconstruise des discours dont ces objets ont été privés en même temps qu’ils
ont été transférés. Ce n’est pas tout de rendre, il faut savoir bien rendre. (…)
Le travail de tout historien qui travaille sur l’Afrique c’est de rendre le
passé disponible </i>». L’historienne Sarah Fila-Bakabadio présente
ensuite ses travaux sur l’Afrocentrisme ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Littérature</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bravo à Abdourahman
A. Waberi selectionné pour le <a href="https://www.hachette.fr/actualites/les-selections-du-prix-renaudot-2019?fbclid=IwAR1oUXXTt1tRzhmK0lv5nNX5kyLpZGs-NibiipZNgNIG0e2404djWvP_Nsw">Prix
Renaudot </a> avec son livre « Pourquoi tu danses quand tu marches »
! J’ai hâte de découvrir l’ouvrage qu’il a écrit avec Alain Mabanckou "<a href="https://www.leslibraires.fr/livre/15976461-dictionnaire-enjoue-des-cultures-africaines-mabanckou-waberi-fayard">Dictionnaire
enjoué des cultures africaines</a>". Ce dernier était l’invité de <a href="https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/088471-001-A/28-minutes-samedi/?fbclid=IwAR2Mv6umh-ONtfmJMD7ufTqunl9dZYrSCmETVObzEnybkiSii349p5zb0AA">l’émission
de 28 minutes</a>. Plusieurs twittos se sont émus de cette question du
journaliste « <i>Pourquoi vous n’écrivez que sur l’Afrique (…) pourquoi
vous n’écrivez pas de manière universelle sur d’autres pays </i>» comme l’universel
n’était que l’Occident. Voici la superbe réponse de Mabanckou « <i>Les
Tolstoï nous ont fatigués avec leur zone, en France la littérature me fatigue
avec les mêmes thèmes, quand je vais chez Pagnol il est dans son coin…. La
littérature c’est l’art d’installer l’universalité là où certains croyaient que
c’était une motte de terre de son père qu’on avait mise de côté</i> ».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conférences et appels à communications </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le
programme annuel du Séminaire sur les approches postcoloniales (SAP) est en
ligne ! <a href="http://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/content/seminaire-sur-les-approches-postcoloniales-sap-0">ICI</a>
Les articles se multiplient sur la nécessaire <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/africa-decolonisation-battle-knowledge-190906074211760.html">décolonisation
des savoirs</a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">« Sécurité et développement dans le Sahel. Du concept à la
réalité » : voilà le thème du prochain colloque, organisé conjointement
par l’Institut Themiis et le G5 Sahel le 1er octobre 2019 au siège de l’UNESCO.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le
ministère de la culture et l’EMSOME organise un séminaire le 10 octobre « Conflits
armées et patrimoine ». Le programme est <a href="https://fr.calameo.com/read/005909563467c96936590?fbclid=IwAR37ttw101xWkm5X-1b_A47UTHst_H_v6Hs8PMUr3LvsA1SFez8i9biKIYs">ICI</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Global
Integrity s’apprête à lancer la huitième édition des <a href="http://aii.globalintegrity.org/">Indicateurs d’Intégrité en Afrique</a>,
en partenariat avec la Fondation Mo Ibrahim et recherche toujours <a href="https://www.globalintegrity.org/about/work-with-us/call-for-contributors/?fbclid=IwAR2Gih9y0SsnDq8n0B--F82sVwlLxZ9pU7ape1OW-XeSGSE-F6xNTA_t9MA">un
chercheur sur l’Egypte !</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vous avez
jusqu’au 18 octobre pour postuler aux <a href="https://cfee.hypotheses.org/4619?fbclid=IwAR1JKdjcqO6sBPl716FInYSBwFd63U1SlfUrcquUmkN6aOgoQtUEeRyqBR4">bourses
de terrain</a> du CFEE.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Encore une
semaine pour postuler à <a href="https://saiia.org.za/news/konrad-adenauer-foundation-internship-apply-today-2/?fbclid=IwAR0CSPxwi76WVV7sHOZHJt10A6je_oxXPgpMwlSiXhe7er2kInbjlLMdUcw">un
stage</a> au sein du Konrad Adenauer Foundation en Afrique du Sud. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In memorandum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Robert Mugabe,
ancien président du Zimbabwe qu’il a dirigé trente-sept ans, a disparu le 6
septembre. Les hommages sont révélateurs des différentes périodes de sa vie. Le
héros est célébré mais le despote n’est pas oublié. <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2019/09/06/robert-mugabe-une-mort-solitaire-loin-du-zimbabwe_5507092_3382.html">Jean
Philippe Rémy</a> en peint un très beau tableau de cette vie. </span></div>
<br /><br />
<br />
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-47705308499215390602019-09-01T19:24:00.000+02:002019-09-01T19:24:41.322+02:00Dernières nouvelles du continent (2)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Dans <a href="https://www.ouest-france.fr/terrorisme/boko-haram/boko-haram-pourquoi-la-lutte-contre-ce-mouvement-terroriste-stagne-dix-ans-apres-sa-creation-6493441/amp?__twitter_impression=true">Ouest
France</a>, le chercheur Vincent Foucher s’interroge sur la persistance du
groupe Boko Haram au Nigéria.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La toujours brillante Niagalé Bagayoko
<a href="https://globalbrief.ca/2019/08/lespace-sahelien-processus-decisionnels-et-sociologie/">publie
ses réflexions sur le Sahel</a> et un agenda de recherche « <i>Fondamentalement,
la gestion de la crise sahélienne par les différents acteurs, africains aussi
bien que non-africains, démontre l’urgente nécessité d’inscrire au cœur de la
réflexion stratégique la sociologie des administrations publiques, l’analyse
bureaucratique et la science des organisations, cadres d’analyse trop souvent
négligés alors même qu’ils peuvent offrir de très utiles clés de compréhension
pour saisir les enjeux organisationnels et les processus décisionnels qui,
fréquemment, obèrent la portée des interventions et initiatives de règlement
des conflits</i>. »</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Afrique
centrale et Afrique de l’Est</span></b>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Depuis le 17 juillet, le virus Ebola
est reconnu comme une « urgence de santé publique de portée internationale »
par l’OMS. Si la prise de conscience est là, <a href="https://theconversation.com/ebola-au-congo-rdc-quand-un-conflit-oublie-devient-un-danger-pour-la-sante-internationale-121995">Aymar
Nyenyezi Bisoka</a> rappelle que « <i>l’insécurité constante émanant de
l’action des groupes armés limite ainsi les interventions médicales</i> ». On
relira avec intérêt <a href="http://www.afri-ct.org/article/sante-et-developpement-en-afrique-le-cas-debola-dans-le-bassin-du-fleuve-mano/">l’article
de Marie Roy</a> publié dans l’AFRI 2018 « Santé et développement en
Afrique : le cas d’Ebola dans le bassin du fleuve Mano ». Sur la
composition du nouveau gouvernement congolais, on lira également le dernier billet de
Colette Braeckman <a href="http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2019/08/27/le-nouveau-gouvernement-congolais-entre-en-piste/">ICI</a>.
Cette dernière viendra commenter son documentaire « L’homme qui répare les
femmes » le 19 septembre à <a href="https://www.fld-lille.fr/recherche/masterclass-global-actors-for-peace/">l’Université
Catholique de Lille</a>…</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A lire : <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557571.2019.1648382?af=R&utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inbound">cet
article</a> sur les infrastructures dans l’East African Community :
« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Whereas the past model of high
modernism focused on transforming national economies through implementation of
large-scale infrastructure projects, the current thinking in the EAC focuses on
fast tracking not only national development but also regional integration and
realizing Pan-African continental connectivity for sustainable development</i>”.
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On
complétera avec <a href="https://www.irsem.fr/institut/actualites/etude-de-l-irsem-n-67-2019.html">l’étude
réalisée par</a> Denis Tull et Juliette Genevaz.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Dans <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/08/31/au-burundi-retour-des-tensions-a-neuf-mois-des-elections_5504923_3212.html">Le
Monde</a> Jean Philippe Remy s’interroge sur le retour de la paix au Burundi
alors qu’un accord signé avec la Tanzanie prévoit le retour des réfugiés.<span> </span>Pour le chercheur Benjamin Chemouni cité dans
l’article : <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">« C’est une paix de cimetière,</span></em> estime, <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Des violences
continuent de se produire, mais à une échelle moindre. Seulement,
l’économie du pays est atone, elle est même dans une situation pire que lors de
la guerre civile. »</span></em></span></span></div>
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</span></em></span><span><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></em></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><em><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le United States Institute of Peace (USIP) <a href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/08/year-after-ethiopia-eritrea-peace-deal-what-impact">a publié le 29 août 2019 un débat</a> "Un an après l'accord de paix entre l'Éthiopie et l'Érythrée, quel
est l'impact?". D’après les auteurs l’accord de paix Éthiopie-Érythrée
conclu à l’été 2018 a eu certes un impact stabilisateur sur la région mais il
n’a pas mis fin à la situation précaire de l’Érythrée.</span></em></em></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></em></span><span><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></em></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><em><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Washington Post
publiait le 30 août : </span></em><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">"<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/if-i-dont-pay-they-kill-me-al-shabab-tightens-its-grip-on-somalia-with-growing-tax-racket/2019/08/30/81472b38-beac-11e9-a8b0-7ed8a0d5dc5d_story.html">'If I Don't Pay, They Kill Me': Al-Shabaab Tightens Grip on Somalia with Growing Tax Racket</a>"</span>. </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On y lit que le groupe al-Shabaab finance
une grande partie de ses activités en extorquant l'argent des hommes d'affaires
somaliens. Les auteurs déclarent que la croissance des recettes fiscales
d’Al-Shabaab est en contradiction avec les affirmations du gouvernement
somalien selon lesquelles le groupe est en perdition.</span></em></em></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span>On lira avec intérêt <a href="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2019/09/PRUNIER/60369">l’article de
Gérard Prunier</a> dans Le Monde diplomatique du mois de septembre sur la situation
au Soudan depuis la mise en place le 21 août du Conseil souverain.</span></span>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Influences
étrangères</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">On l’attendait avec impatience et elle
vient de sortir. La <a href="https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/etudes-de-lifri/focus-strategique/competition-strategique-afrique-approches-militaires">dernière
publication d’Aline Leboeuf</a> pour l’IFRI porte sur : « La
compétition stratégique en Afrique : approches militaires américaine, chinoise
et russe ». Pour l’auteure « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Si
les États-Unis sont encore l’acteur dominant dans la sécurité du continent, un
phénomène de rattrapage est en cours en faveur d’une influence grandissante de
la Chine et de la Russie</i> ». L’ISS consacre également l’un de ses <a href="https://issafrica.org/iss-today/proceed-with-caution-africas-growing-foreign-military-presence">derniers
rapports</a> à ces présences militaires étrangères sur le continent africain. Des
13 pays ayant une présence connue en Afrique, les États-Unis et la France ont
le plus de troupes sur le continent. Sans surprise la Corne de l'Afrique est
devenue l'épicentre de ces présences, avec environ 11 bases militaires
étrangères.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKnxaDFA-3rfYtuEzyoFJBBLH7smu9qnCgarMgnCDrrafb-aGqiaiHqScSNDGSnz1WK9_Rm960ToOwXRgVQ-Fq5LwDQYG676YIlotdygvmBRjdRI0pJeydoqFJW5CA4JxJNV6hX45dbpuL/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="1261" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKnxaDFA-3rfYtuEzyoFJBBLH7smu9qnCgarMgnCDrrafb-aGqiaiHqScSNDGSnz1WK9_Rm960ToOwXRgVQ-Fq5LwDQYG676YIlotdygvmBRjdRI0pJeydoqFJW5CA4JxJNV6hX45dbpuL/s400/2.png" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Les publications sur l’influence russe
en Afrique se multiplient : <a href="http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/kremlins-campaign-africa?utm_source=social&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=zimmerman">ICI</a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC8Ea-R4My1ilJ7noZco1NOm6SRecYXbNtg9ZOKMT-KfrGXpvy36vxIQA7iD0d4Kes3Slc1sLl7Lm2danxB29GQvMbTOhMgoOQGk9c7FPvagKJM9lJAmqadO8VRgF6wDFvNT80gZWn4GDn/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="680" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC8Ea-R4My1ilJ7noZco1NOm6SRecYXbNtg9ZOKMT-KfrGXpvy36vxIQA7iD0d4Kes3Slc1sLl7Lm2danxB29GQvMbTOhMgoOQGk9c7FPvagKJM9lJAmqadO8VRgF6wDFvNT80gZWn4GDn/s400/3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Publications</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Comment mesurer la paix ? C’est à
cette question que tente de répondre <a href="https://spark.adobe.com/page/RK3flBNBCF6H3/">Richard Caplan</a>. On
estime qu’en moyenne 40% des pays sortant d'une guerre civile risquent de retomber
dans <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>un violent conflit dans les dix années
suivant la fin des hostilités.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La <a href="https://laviedesidees.fr/Reine-d-Afrique.html">Vie des idées publie une
recension</a> de la biographie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« Njinga,
histoire d’une reine guerrière (1582-1663) ». Cette reine d’Afrique
centrale, méconnue en Occident est idolâtrée dans certaines diasporas notamment
au Brésil : « Elle éclaire d’autres questions relatives au genre, au
pouvoir, à la religion, au commandement, au colonialisme et à la résistance ». </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hâte de lire le <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17526272.2019.1649908?needAccess=true">dossier
spécial du Journal of War & Culture Studies :</a> « Spirituality
and War: Soldier Practices in Deployment in African Military Landscapes ».</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La dimension transnationale des
conflits armés en Afrique a un nouvel outil. Dans <a href="https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2019/08/Introducing-transnational-Conflict-in-Africa-dataset.pdf">cet
article</a> les auteurs proposent de nombreuses statistiques et un agenda de la
recherche. Ils réfutent l’idée que les conflits entre Etats ne sont plus majoritaires
sur le continent: «<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> the majority of
African conflicts must be considered internationalized-internal </i>».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conférences et appels à communications </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Vous avez jusqu’au <a href="https://cfee.hypotheses.org/4619">18 octobre</a> pour postuler aux
bourses de terrain du CFEE ! </span></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Et jusqu’au 15 septembre pour envoyer vos
propositions pour <a href="https://calenda.org/648424">l’ouvrage collectif</a>:
« La mer : paradoxes, enjeux et défis pour les États du Golfe de Guinée au
XXIe siècle ».</span></div>
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le <a href="https://calenda.org/653048">colloque</a>
« Penser le genre des expériences de la violence politique en Afrique.
Incidences biographiques, transmissions générationnelles et familiales »
aura lieu à Sciences Po Bordeaux les 3-4 octobre 2019.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">L’AEGES
organise son colloque annuel à Paris sur le thème Guerre et corps. Pour
soumettre un article ou un panel : <a href="http://www.aeges.fr/2019/06/26/colloque-annuel-de-laeges-2018-appel-a-communications-2/#.XVw-MoKGDGA.twitter">ICI</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">L’Afrique…ce
grand pays…</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lors du sommet du G7, la journaliste
américaine d’Associated Press Darlene Superville poste sur Twitter un cliché représentant
quatre « leaders ». Elle identifie Emmanuel Macron, Justin Trudeau et Narendra
Modi mais Cyril Ramaphosa, elle le présente comme « one unidentified leader » ….</span></div>
</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XdLqFcghdgGp5p7E9zvtkBkz_VSb4TiQ0vVVp1XuVB2G_r0xH4f76gBdEBDMSNNP-cL2xK03k80SZEw8NnwYgemFhTuzJ3uXv1RUOqcy7QfQjkKc4-M2fWeLBz-DOTpRK6svdKkyXPkM/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="423" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3XdLqFcghdgGp5p7E9zvtkBkz_VSb4TiQ0vVVp1XuVB2G_r0xH4f76gBdEBDMSNNP-cL2xK03k80SZEw8NnwYgemFhTuzJ3uXv1RUOqcy7QfQjkKc4-M2fWeLBz-DOTpRK6svdKkyXPkM/s400/4.png" width="267" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">La journaliste devrait lire <a href="https://lejournal.cnrs.fr/articles/un-autre-regard-sur-lhistoire-de-lafrique?fbclid=IwAR0AP6Wp-uxNTtU5QoGqFy2D8XUdor43-85jmz-FzW46KtikQY2IIoLnlYI">l’interview</a>
de <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l’historien François-Xavier Fauvelle,
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Le 31 août, un an après Samir Amin, <a href="https://www.iwallerstein.com/intellectual-itinerary/">l’universitaire Immanuel
Wallerstein</a>, critique du capitalisme mondial est décédé. </span></div>
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</xml><![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">C’est la rentrée mais
je vous propose un nouveau rendez-vous hebdomadaire. Une veille qui reprend les
articles scientifique ou de presse les plus marquants, sur le modèle de
"This Week in Africa" de Jeffrey Paller. Bien sûr je reste fidèle à
mes centres d’intérêts : sécurité, défense, politique étrangère et…littérature !
Je publierai également les appels à communications et les évènements
scientifiques. Vos commentaires sont les bienvenus pour améliorer ce nouveau
projet. </b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7KmHBBzBmRazGQTcLvLIsRKKxDglZCNaKNA5hgWKaJDXb5vmbR8IV63I8Q2zPOLUfXXxsW-DhlK1sOUuEaP86a5_Mg9d3JSQMjybqWzWJOO8v9udpB3DyXJJNq7sUnZ_FPNm4XaQxH3Fr/s1600/%25C3%25A9critsrentr%25C3%25A9e-300x300.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7KmHBBzBmRazGQTcLvLIsRKKxDglZCNaKNA5hgWKaJDXb5vmbR8IV63I8Q2zPOLUfXXxsW-DhlK1sOUuEaP86a5_Mg9d3JSQMjybqWzWJOO8v9udpB3DyXJJNq7sUnZ_FPNm4XaQxH3Fr/s1600/%25C3%25A9critsrentr%25C3%25A9e-300x300.jpg" /></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Corne de l’Afrique,
Afrique de l’Est</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Le Soudan entame-t-il une <a href="https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/08/19/au-soudan-la-transition-devient-presque-realite_1746076">transition</a>
politique ? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>T<i>he New York Times</i>
publie "<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/22/opinion/sudan-deal.html">A Season of
Hope in Sudan</a>" où l’auteur explique l’opportunité pour la jeunesse
soudanaise de transformer le pays. On lira également le <a href="https://esprit.presse.fr/actualites/hind-meddeb/quelques-jours-a-khartoum-42261">récit</a>
de la réalisatrice Hind Meddeb à Khartoum au cœur des manifestations. Ecoutez <a href="https://www.france24.com/fr/12062019-le-debat-soudan-manifestations-rsf-militaires-violences-el-bechir-arabie-saodite-qatar">cette
émission</a> de France 24 pour comprendre la crise actuelle et <a href="https://www.france24.com/fr/video/20190822-anne-laure-mahe-revolution-a-change-limage-soudan">celle-ci</a>
sur le choix des nouveaux membres du conseil souverain au Soudan. Sur le
nouveau dirigeant du pays (<a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/abdalla-hamdok-sudan-prime-minister-190821104935717.html">ICI</a>)
et les nombreux <a href="https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/soudan-abdalla-hamdok-les-defis-economiques-qu-il-doit-relever-25-08-2019-2331537_3826.php">défis</a>
qu’il doit relever. Pour <span class="css-901oao"><a href="https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1162851364755689477">Woldemariam</a>, la
résolution de la crise est un succès du multilatéralisme africain avec l’investissement
de l’Union africaine et de l’Ethiopie. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
La revue Le Point consacre un numéro aux Nouvelles Routes de
la Soie avec un papier signé par <a href="https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/les-routes-de-la-soie-djibouti-joue-avec-le-feu-08-08-2019-2328901_24.php">Claire
Meynial sur Djibouti</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Le Kenya et Djibouti sont <a href="https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Kenya-UN-Security-Council-bid-African-Union-vote/1066-5243446-qr5i73z/index.html">concurrents</a>
pour un siège au Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao">L’Est du Congo reste une des zones
les plus violentes du monde. <a href="https://kivusecurity.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/reports/28/KST%20biannual%20report%20August%2012%20%281%29.pdf">Ce
rapport</a> rappelle que depuis deux ans, rien que dans la région du Kivu, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1897 personnes ont été tuées, 3 316 kidnappé
et 100 victimes de viols. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
À l’été 2018, les observateurs ne cachaient pas leur surprise
de voir enfin se résoudre un conflit vieux de vingt ans entre l’Ethiopie et l’Erythrée
qui a constitué un véritable nœud de crispation dans les tensions régionales. <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2019/08/13/eritrea-opposition-yiakl-political-change-horizon/">Cet
article</a> explique les impasses du régime érythréen. Sur la crise du
fédéralisme éthiopien on lira René Lefort <a href="https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2019/08/18/federalist-facade-for-centralist-front/">ICI</a>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Joël Hubrecht <a href="https://esprit.presse.fr/article/joel-hubrecht/la-difficile-introspection-de-la-france-au-rwanda-42212">interroge</a>
les relations entre la France et le Rwanda au moment du génocide : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par leur proximité et leur présence, les
analystes français auraient pu et dû, mieux que quiconque, saisir les signaux
d’alerte puis être les premiers à rompre tout lien avec les génocidaires au
lieu de s’inscrire, pour reprendre les mots d’Hubert Védrine, dans « la suite
de l’engagement d’avant ». Cela n’a pas été le cas. Ils ont vu mais n’ont rien
compris, ne comprennent toujours pas et, dans leur superbe arrogance, s’y
refusent. Obstinément</i>. »<span class="css-901oao"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sahel, Afrique de l’Ouest</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="r-18u37iz">Un <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/08/19/mali-au-pays-dogon-la-colere-monte-face-a-l-impuissance-des-autorites-et-de-l-onu_5500782_3212.html">des
derniers articles</a> de Morgane Le Cam, la correspondante du journal Le Monde
au Mali, avant de quitter son terrain décrit la situation </span>au centre du
Mali : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la Minusma est de plus
en plus contestée par une population qui ne comprend pas pourquoi ses casques
bleus n’interviennent pas lorsque leurs villages sont pris d’assaut par des
groupes armés, tantôt djihadistes, tantôt communautaires (…)Depuis le début de
l’année, dans la région de Mopti, au moins 845 personnes ont été tuées dans
plus de 200 attaques </i>».</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-style: normal;">Rémi Carayol propose un <a href="https://orientxxi.info/magazine/mali-le-jeu-trouble-de-l-etat-avec-les-milices,3207?source=post_page-----ef13edc5eecd----------------------"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">papier</span></a> sur les milices au Mali<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>soutenus par les pouvoirs et
cette stratégie n’est pas nouvelle. </span></i>Ecoutez <a href="https://www.franceinter.fr/emissions/le-temps-d-un-bivouac/le-temps-d-un-bivouac-01-aout-2019">cette
émission</a> avec Jean-Marc Durou (qu’un ami m’avait présenté jadis comme « le
plus grand spécialiste de la zone ») sur le Sahel. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Début août le Ghana accueillait la première conférence en
Afrique de l’<a href="https://www.isanet.org/Conferences/ISA-Accra-2019">International
Studies Association</a> (pour la première fois sur le continent). La même
semaine <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-49177602/nancy-pelosi-seeing-ghana-slave-site-was-transformative">Nancy
Pelosi</a> visitait le pays pour célébrer <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/08/22/au-ghana-l-annee-du-retour-attire-les-touristes-afro-americains_5501701_3212.html">The
Year of the Return </a>: « Ce sont douze mois pendant lesquels le
pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, qui fut l’un des importants pays de départ de la
traite négrière entre les XVe et XVIIIe siècles, organise des événements pour
commémorer le premier bateau d’esclave arrivé en Virginie il y a 400 ans. »</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Ecoutez <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20190823-essentiel-laboratoires-methamphetamines-sont-nigeria?ref=tw_i">l’interview</a>
de Laurent Guillaume, ancien officier de la police française, sur les narcotrafiquants
en Afrique de l’Ouest. Aujourd'hui, aux Éditions La manufacure de livres, il
publie « <a href="https://www.lamanufacturedelivres.com/livres/fiche/148/guillaume-laurent-africa-connection">Africa
Connection</a> », un ouvrage collectif sur la criminalité organisée en Afrique</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sécurité, défense</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
L’emploi de compagnies de sécurité privées est de plus en
plus courant dans certains pays d’Afrique selon <a href="https://theconversation.com/peeling-back-the-layers-on-the-role-of-private-security-companies-in-africa-121145?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=twitterbutton">cet
article</a>. La privatisation de la sécurité et les « gardiens » employés en
Afrique de l’Ouest, débouche sur une <a href="https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2019/04/11/securite-privee-et-gouvernance-en-afrique-de-louest/?utm_source=La+lettre+du+dimanche&utm_campaign=5411dd5f23-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_08_23_01_36&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_10dbe895d3-5411dd5f23-92643067&mc_cid=5411dd5f23&mc_eid=31a0377409">meilleure
compréhension de la place de l’Etat</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao">Les processus de réconciliation
renforcent-ils ou atténuent-ils les divisions ayant mené au conflit? Et quand
sont-ils pertinents? <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2019/08/21/juger-de-la-reussite-ou-de-l-echec-d-une-reconciliation-apres-un-conflit-est-toujours-delicat_5501137_4415198.html">Eléments
de réponse par Milena Dieckhoff</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Publications</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Je lirai avec plaisir le <a href="https://www.rienner.com/title/The_Puzzle_of_Ethiopian_Politics">dernier
ouvrage</a> de Terrence Lyons sur la politique éthiopienne.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
On lira <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2019/08/22/best-african-films-2019/">cet
article</a> sur le travail des observateurs lors des élections kényanes de
2017,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>celui-ci sur <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10168737.2019.1641541?af=R&journalCode=riej20">l’impact
des dépenses militaires</a> sur l’industrialisation de 35 pays d’Afrique entre
1990 et 2015. <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17531055.2017.1418173">Excellent
papier</a> de Nina Willen, Gérard Birantamije et David Ambrosetti sur la professionnalisation
de l’armée burundaise.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
J’ai hâte de découvrir cette nouvelle publication « <a href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783030175801">Contemporary French
Security Policy in Africa. On Ideas and Wars </a>».</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Les études africanistes sont en pleine expansion d’après l’éditeur
de <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/issue/7984C26DA921D55229A7693C9C9C278D">l’African
Studies Review </a> mais ça n’est pas encore très visible dans les <a href="https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2019/08/20/colleges-need-reform-international-affairs-education-consider-issues-diversity-and">enseignements</a>
et que la <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/publishing-is-still-a-business-that-is-owned-by-white-men-three-women-on-race-and-genre/">diversité
manque au sein de l’édition</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pensées</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Pour <span class="css-901oao"><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2019/08/17/souleymane-bachir-diagne-en-afrique-il-est-temps-de-decoloniser-nos-imaginaires_5500244_4415198.html">Souleymane
Bachir Diagne </a>: « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Décoloniser
les imaginaires, ce n’est pas s’opposer ou mener une guerre d’indépendance,
mais considérer qu’il n’y a pas d’humanités séparées et qu’il n’y a pas un lieu
qui serait seul le théâtre de l’histoire universelle</i>.»</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Culture </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="css-901oao">L'écrivaine américaine <a href="https://t.co/HvO5lahsJo?amp=1">Toni Morrison</a>, première femme noire à
recevoir le Prix Nobel de Littérature, est morte à l'âge de 88 ans.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
La rentrée littéraire voit la sortie de plusieurs ouvrages <a href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190822-rentree-litteraire-2019-nathacha-appanah-leonora-miano-adimi-fatou-diome">consacrés
à l’Afrique</a> et <a href="https://africanarguments.org/2019/08/22/best-african-films-2019/">ICI</a>
on trouvera un classement des meilleurs films africains de l’année.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Les 10 finalistes pour le Prix des cinq continents, organisé
par <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l’Organisation internationale de la
Francophonie <a href="https://www.francophonie.org/Les-10-finalistes-du-Prix-des-cinq.html">sont
dévoilés</a>. Il récompense chaque année un texte de fiction narratif
d’expression française.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Conférences et appels
à communications </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
L’AEGES organise son colloque annuel à Paris sur le thème
Guerre et corps. Pour soumettre un article ou un panel : <a href="http://www.aeges.fr/2019/06/26/colloque-annuel-de-laeges-2018-appel-a-communications-2/#.XVw-MoKGDGA.twitter">ICI</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Ne manquez pas la <a href="https://www.fld-lille.fr/recherche/masterclass-global-actors-for-peace/">Masterclass
Global Actors for Peace</a> organisée par la faculté de droit de l’Université
Catholique de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lille. La journée du jeudi
19 sera consacrée à l’Afrique avec une conférence <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« Peace from the Bottom » de <a href="http://www.severineautesserre.com/">Séverine Autesserre</a> et en soirée,
une conférence-débat avec projection du documentaire “L’homme qui répare les
femmes” en présence de sa réalisatrice Colette Braeckman et de Sylvie Humbert
Membre de la Commission de chercheurs pour l’étude des archives françaises du
Rwanda (2019).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Un <a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiBxsWQ457kAhVLLBoKHaluB0YQFjAAegQIARAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr-fr.facebook.com%2Fmastemitra%2F&usg=AOvVaw2jxQdkqdRYYGFmd1Z5aB0x">AAC</a>
est lancé pour la journée d’études « Quand le sud pense le nord : défis
méthodologiques, enjeux épistémologiques » organisé le 13 décembre. La
date limite pour l'envoi des propositions de communication est le 30 septembre
2019, à l'adresse : je.quandlesudpenselenord@gmail.com</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.tfaforms.com/4747334">Global Integrity</a>
s’apprête à lancer la huitième édition des <a href="http://aii.globalintegrity.org/">Indicateurs d’Intégrité en Afrique</a>,
en partenariat avec la Fondation Mo Ibrahim, et cherche des journalistes
professionnels, universitaires, acteurs d’organisations non-gouvernementales
et/ou du secteur privé ayant une expérience avérée dans la conduite
d’entretiens et la recherche documentaire.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Vous avez jusqu’au 25 octobre pour répondre à l’<a href="https://polaf.hypotheses.org/2706">AAC de Politique africaine</a> «
Rwanda : la trajectoire de l’État après le génocide ».</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Si vous souhaitez recevoir cette lettre par mail : inscrivez vous à droite. Rendez-vous dans une semaine ;) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-61664953969240465372016-10-31T13:46:00.000+01:002016-10-31T13:46:04.865+01:00Djibouti dans le jeu international<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Nous publions un article sur Djibouti dans le numéro d'octobre de la revue Esprit (<a href="http://www.esprit.presse.fr/article/le-gouriellec-sonia/djibouti-dans-le-jeu-international-38967?folder=1">ICI</a>).</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4cFAW9gBM6lkkH9QCOx5Cf_S5eQ-4DWBw5IMEgwkiWc51MPbZYDe5tMGI3DcOOMyK_NAcCYZaw_qerE_yICiW3DwRKw_2N9hiuMqEu-JS460VVETrXo9pJEfr9JYjKV8InykE2YEZFVk-/s1600/ESPRI_1610_L204.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4cFAW9gBM6lkkH9QCOx5Cf_S5eQ-4DWBw5IMEgwkiWc51MPbZYDe5tMGI3DcOOMyK_NAcCYZaw_qerE_yICiW3DwRKw_2N9hiuMqEu-JS460VVETrXo9pJEfr9JYjKV8InykE2YEZFVk-/s320/ESPRI_1610_L204.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
Voici un extrait de l'article :<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alors que les regains de tensions en mer de Chine méridionale
suscitent l’inquiétude des décideurs politiques et concentrent l’attention des
médias, l’onde de choc de ces tensions pourrait toucher les rives d’un petit
territoire à l’est du continent africain. Djibouti concentre depuis quelques
années la présence militaire des puissances internationales et attirent les
investissements étrangers du monde entier. <b>Les jeux diplomatiques qui s’y
jouent sont particulièrement révélateurs des évolutions du système
international.</b> Cet îlot de tranquillité de 23 200 km², dans une région
agitée par les conflits, accueille les troupes françaises, américaines,
japonaises, européennes et bientôt chinoises, saoudiennes et peut-être russes. Les
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régionale et une pièce maîtresse dans le projet d’intégration économique,
soutenu par Pékin. Garnison internationale, hub maritime et logistique
régional, Djibouti l’oublié se trouve désormais au cœur du nouveau grand jeu
international.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-715321026464757102016-10-28T14:37:00.000+02:002016-10-28T14:37:06.268+02:00Recension : Politics and Democracy in Microstates de Wouter Veenedaal<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>« Quelles sont
les conséquences politiques de la taille d’un État ? »</b> telle est la
question posée par le chercheur néerlandais Wouter Veenedaal. Le lien entre la
taille de la population et la démocratie est un des plus vieux débat de la
science politique.<b> Les études quantitatives montrent que les petits États et
les micro-États seraient, comparativement, plus enclins à développer des
gouvernances démocratiques. « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Small
is democratic</i> » semble un adage partager depuis des siècles, des
philosophes grecs à Rousseau en passant par Montesquieu. </b></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJeIFTipfZwfYslmYZhWCxe1WK208OPNxib9GzX8HJhtOqGcN4klhq0w8HeNdeLHdQ7NZw7BhFiGy5b2kQrvfR4d0VHnQcbEJ6wKC8fnR4eN2JW3t6yFqmkgR_YYH1O5-CIX8BwhPbsXq/s1600/rz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcJeIFTipfZwfYslmYZhWCxe1WK208OPNxib9GzX8HJhtOqGcN4klhq0w8HeNdeLHdQ7NZw7BhFiGy5b2kQrvfR4d0VHnQcbEJ6wKC8fnR4eN2JW3t6yFqmkgR_YYH1O5-CIX8BwhPbsXq/s1600/rz.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aujourd’hui encore les
organisations internationales font la promotion des avantages de la petitesse
et invitent les États en reconstruction après un conflit à des pratiques de
décentralisation et de dévolution afin de confier plus de pouvoirs et de
compétences politiques à des unités réduites. Pourtant, aucune hypothèse
satisfaisante ne permet d’expliquer cette corrélation entre la taille et le
caractère démocratiques d’un État.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Au
contraire, de plus en plus d’études de cas tendent même à l’infirmer en
soulignant l’intensité des rivalités personnelles, de la corruption et du
clientélisme dans les petits États. Il semble donc qu’il y aurait un écart
entre la théorie suggérée par la recherche quantitative et la réalité constatée
les travaux qualitatifs. Les institutions démocratiques des petits ou micro États
seraient une façade et la réalité démocratique de leur système politique doit
être relativisée. D’après, Wouter Veenedaal cette énigme relève bien de
l’approche méthodologique quantitative qui a été privilégiée jusqu’à présent
pour étudier ce lien. Il propose ici une étude comparative de la nature des
systèmes politiques dans quatre micro-États : </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">San Marino, St
Kitts et Nevis, les Seychelles et Palau. Il nous éclaire sur les réalités
politiques de ces États présentés comme démocratiques. Si ces analyses peuvent
s’avérer intéressantes pour des spécialistes de ces zones géographiques, en
revanche le politiste ne s’étonnera pas des résultats de l’étude. Elles démontrent
qu’une explication monocausale (la taille) ne permet pas d’expliquer le système
politique même dans les micro-</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">É</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">tats. <b>L’auteur démontre, sans surprise, que la situation géographique, l’histoire
coloniale ou encore les relations internationales sont des variables essentielles.
Néanmoins, on retiendra de cette étude les stimulants chapitres sur les débats
théoriques et l’état de l’art.</b></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-46263523105717103142016-10-27T14:33:00.000+02:002016-10-27T14:33:10.171+02:00« Des Afriques » : gestion de crises et résolution des conflits en Afrique subsaharienne<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>La Revue Défense Nationale a publié cet été un <a href="http://www.defnat.com/site_fr/images/breves/couv-ETE-2016.pdf">numéro spécial sur le continent africain</a>. J'ai eu la chance de diriger ce numéro. </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-BbyKtIcDpBi3mbs-_lomaEgYo-v2x3SBsbuAC82IJCSLpZSEqDcboMp61h9Q8BhGscO9Jx6z1NDC-XQ_6vYo6S0DMhCSlTOYOD_Evo293oQbVEnHOkg3RfjsuQpRWJ7tM7ZsDcfrl-p7/s1600/couv-ETE-2016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-BbyKtIcDpBi3mbs-_lomaEgYo-v2x3SBsbuAC82IJCSLpZSEqDcboMp61h9Q8BhGscO9Jx6z1NDC-XQ_6vYo6S0DMhCSlTOYOD_Evo293oQbVEnHOkg3RfjsuQpRWJ7tM7ZsDcfrl-p7/s320/couv-ETE-2016.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Vous trouverez <a href="http://www.defnat.com/site_fr/sommaires/sommaire-detail.php?cid_revue=808">ICI </a>le sommaire et ci-dessous l'<b>introduction au numéro</b>.</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Plus que n’importe quelle autre partie du globe, après la Guerre froide,
le continent africain a été associé aux conflits et à l’insécurité. Au début
des années 1990, Robert Kaplan invoquait, dans une formule restée célèbre,
« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the coming anarchy</i> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Pour l’auteur américain, le continent était alors celui des haines ethniques et
de la violence aveugle. Vingt ans plus tard, le gagnant du prix Pulitzer,
Jeffrey Gettleman, peignait le même tableau, se désespérant que les guerres ne terminent
jamais et s’étendent comme, pour reprendre ses termes, « une pandémie
virale ». Aujourd’hui, l’insécurité et les conflits sur le continent
occupent une place centrale dans les cercles politiques, les travaux des
chercheurs et le travail des forces de sécurité. Bien que la situation se soit
transformée et que les statistiques s’entendent sur une baisse <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tendancielle</i> du nombre de conflits, d’anciennes
grilles d’analyses continuent de guider certains commentaires et analyses. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">L’objectif de ce numéro de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Revue
Défense Nationale</i> répond à cette vision encore ancrée dans l’imaginaire
collectif. Il vise à contester les approches populaires qui réduisent la
complexité des situations conflictuelles sur le continent à des facteurs
uniques et trop souvent essentialistes. Parmi ces facteurs les plus communs invoqués,
on retrouve le colonialisme, la religion, l’ethnicité et les ressources
naturelles.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Or,
la rigueur intellectuelle et une démarche méthodologique permettent d’éviter
les biais de confirmation - au sens d’interpréter les faits pour leur faire
dire ce que l’on souhaite, ou les biais de sélection, en ne choisissant que les
faits qui appuient une thèse définie <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a
priori</i>. Avant d’expliquer pourquoi ces facteurs ne sont pas suffisants pour
expliquer les conflits sur le continent, essayons tout d’abord de peindre à
grands traits l’évolution de la conflictualité sur le continent depuis la fin
de la Guerre froide.</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pendant la Guerre froide, les politiques à l’égard du continent étaient
guidées par des considérations politiques liées à l’opposition entre les deux
blocs. L’Est et l’Ouest supportaient des régimes afin de s’assurer le maintien
d’une sphère d’influence. Les États-Unis, l’Union soviétique et leurs alliés
respectifs étaient des sources de financement à la fois de groupes
insurrectionnels et d’États. Les armes, les entrainements militaires, les
soutiens diplomatiques dépendaient de cette lutte pour dominer et influencer.
Certains régimes autoritaires furent maintenu au pouvoir parce qu’ils avaient
une fonction spécifique dans cette lutte globale, comme pare-feu face au
communisme. Le plus connu fut Mobutu au Zaïre. D’autres sont tombés après des
coups d’États soutenus ou encouragés par les puissances extérieures. Avec la
fin de la Guerre froide, le continent a perdu de sa valeur stratégique. Samuel
Decalo dira même : « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">les États
africains passèrent de pions stratégiques pendant la Guerre froide à d’« irrelevant
clutter »</i> ».<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Progressivement,
dans les années 1990, les États-Unis, et ce qu’il reste de l’Union soviétique,
se désengagent du continent. Les premiers réduisent ou interrompent totalement
leur aide militaire aux alliés les plus anciens : Kenya, Somalie, Liberia,
Tchad, Zaïre. Les missions humanitaires américaines et les postes de
renseignement se ferment et les personnels sont redirigés vers de nouvelles
zones prioritaires notamment en Europe de l’Est. Les États qui survivaient en
partie grâce à ces soutiens extérieurs deviennent plus vulnérables aux
insurrections populaires et aux guerres civiles. Les événements au Liberia
avec Samuel Doe, au Zaïre avec Mobutu, en Somalie et en Éthiopie doivent être
appréhendés dans ce contexte. Ils n’ont plus le statut de clients dans un monde
bipolaire. Cette perte de la rente stratégique coïncide parfois, en plus, avec
une crise économique et des pressions de plus en plus fortes pour démocratiser.
Les donateurs redirigent leurs aides en fonction des efforts faits en termes de
gouvernance. De plus, l’aide au développement chute de 21% entre 1990 et 1996<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Les réseaux de clientélisme s’effondrent, tout comme certaines coalitions au
pouvoir qui se divisent. Dans ce contexte, le nombre de conflits et
l’insécurité augmentent. En parallèle, les outils analytiques font aussi
évoluer comme nous allons le voir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">L’approche de la conflictualité sur le continent a souffert de trois
grandes faiblesses : la « déconnexion », le culturalisme
essentialiste et le réductionnisme économique auquel se rattache, en partie, le
modèle « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">greed and grievance</i> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Cette approche réduit les conflits à de l’opportunisme économique et à des
décisions irrationnelles. Les conflits seraient donc une forme d’activité
criminelle menée par cupidité par des seigneurs de guerre intéressés par la
rente. Si cette approche a été très critiquée pour sa dépolitisation des
conflits, elle était profondément réductionniste en expliquant les conflits uniquement
en termes d’opportunité économique. Cette théorie a évolué ces dernières années
et laisse moins place aux motivations économiques mais les conflits sont
toujours expliqués en termes d’opportunité économiques plutôt que politiques. Les
ressources naturelles ne sont, bien souvent, pas la cause du conflit bien
qu’elles puissent l’alimenter. Ainsi, en Sierra Leone le conflit s’apparentait
à une révolte contre les structures agricoles oppressives. Séverine Autesserre
a montré qu’en République Démocratique du Congo <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>les ressources naturelles n’étaient pas au
cœur des conflits<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>. Les
mêmes arguments sur la dépolitisation des conflits sur le continent ont permis
de critiquer la théorie des « nouvelles et anciennes guerres <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>».
Cette thèse, largement controversée, postule que les guerres civiles de
l’après-Guerre froide sont tendanciellement différentes de celles de la période
bipolaire. Pour ce faire, l’auteur juge possible de tracer une distinction
entre « nouvelles » et « anciennes » guerres. Au niveau global, la guerre
interétatique semble révolue et l’anomie du système international aurait pour
conséquence de favoriser la résurgence de phénomènes identitaires. Cet
argumentaire recoupe celui sur l’ethnicité des conflits. L’idée répandue est
que l’ethnie tue. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cette approche est partagée par certains
commentateurs du génocide rwandais. Selon eux, les Tutsi et les Hutu seraient
destinés à s’affronter et les massacres sont le résultat d’une opposition
raciste atavique. Cette approche exclut toute analyse des évènements ayant
conduit à l’exécution du génocide. Cette littérature décriée est, en partie,
héritière des travaux sur l’anthropologie de la race élaborée à la fin du
XIXème siècle. Elle refuse de penser le racisme en Afrique comme une idéologie
construite politiquement et socialement. Les crises africaines, ici celles des
Grands Lacs, ne seraient que le résultat de clivages ethniques ataviques :
des tueries et des barbaries spontanées sans dimension politique ni
instrumentalisation. Cette approche privilégie également une lecture de
déresponsabilisation des acteurs africains qui seraient pris au cœur des
stratégies de puissances étrangères dans la région. Enfin, l<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">’analyse des conflits sur le continent
souffre d’un autre écueil : la déconnexion. Certaines approches placent le
continent dans un cadre cognitif distinct qui nécessiterait de recourir à des
théories spécifiques. Or, l’Afrique sub-saharienne n’a pas de conflits
qualitativement distincts.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Il y a d’autres changements dans le panorama sécuritaire : la
fréquence accrue des violences électorales et les « crises de
citoyenneté »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ainsi,
les travaux des chercheurs américains Zachariah Mampilly et Adam Branch<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
nous apprennent que le continent serait au milieu d’une troisième vague de
contestations. La première regroupe les soulèvements nationalistes des années
1950 qui mènent aux indépendances. La seconde englobe les mouvements d’Afrique
de l’Ouest, du milieu des années 1980 au début des années 1990, à la suite des
mesures d’austérité imposées par la Banque mondiale et le Fonds monétaire
international (FMI). Selon ces chercheurs, les révoltes arabes de 2011
constituent l’apogée d’un long « printemps africain » amorcé en 2005
- avec les mouvements de contestation liés à la crise alimentaire - mais qui
n’aboutit pas nécessairement à des changements de régimes et n’ont pas suscité
la même attention des médias, alors même que la contestation des régimes jugés
autoritaires se poursuit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Par ailleurs, la compétition politique peut accroître les tentations de mobilisation
sur des bases ethniques. La plupart des élections africaines sont relativement
calmes (Togo, Bénin, Comores), mais certains exemples comme l’élection kenyane
de 2007 montrent le chaos qui peut régner (1000 morts, 350 000 déplacés). Dernièrement,
les violences ont aussi accompagné les élections au Zimbabwe, en Côte d’Ivoire,
au Burundi. Actuellement, les révisions constitutionnelles afin de modifier les
mandats présidentiels est une cause de mobilisation des populations (Djibouti,
RDC, Burkina, Ouganda, Congo, etc.). Si l’expression première des violences
électorales est identitaire, elle se combine avec des considérations plus
locales comme l’accès à la terre, des ressources, ce qui rend simpliste et
invalides les interprétations uniquement ethniques (Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya,
Burundi). L’augmentation des violences religieuses et du terrorisme sont également
de nouveaux visages de la conflictualité sur le continent. On le voit avec le
groupe Al-Shabaab en Somalie, Boko Haram au Nigeria, AQMI et tous les autres
groupes évoluant dans le Sahel. Pourtant, la religion et la dimension globale
de ces conflits mérite encore des études sérieuses. Historiquement, la religion
a toujours joué un rôle mineur dans les conflits en Afrique. Stephen Ellis
disait même qu’à proprement parler, il n’y a pas de guerre de religion en
Afrique subsaharienne. Cela ne veut pas dire que les croyances religieuses ne
sont pas cruciales dans la guerre. Tant en Sierra Leone qu’au Liberia, les fidèles
croyaient en la puissance des esprits comme en République centrafricaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
ou en Ouganda avec l’Armée de libération du seigneur. Mais la religion n’était
pas la cause de la guerre bien qu’elle puisse l’alimenter. De même,
historiquement, ce qui apparaissait à première vue comme des combats entre
religions était en fait totalement lié à des luttes entre élites pour la
puissance politique ou matérielle. Enfin, la « guerre contre le
terrorisme » participe à une restriction de l’espace politique sous
couvert de lutte contre le terrorisme. En effet, l’autoritarisme s’est renforcé
dans plusieurs États subsahariens au cours de la dernière décennie. Cette
évolution est intimement liée aux efforts des donateurs pour
« stabiliser » le continent dans un contexte de lutte contre les
groupes jihadistes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">L’un
des objectifs de ce numéro est donc d’essayer de comprendre certains conflits
du continent et d’examiner la réponse apportée par les acteurs continentaux et
leurs partenaires avec un regard spécifique sur la politique française qui
justifie les choix thématiques et régionaux effectués. Pour ce faire, nous
avons réuni des praticiens, des militaires, des diplomates et des chercheurs.
Leurs écrits sont des témoignages, des présentations politiques ou des études scientifiques.
Rassemblés dans ce numéro, ils apportent une vision complémentaire et globale
des enjeux sécuritaires de certaines régions du continent. Après un premier
ensemble de textes portant sur la zone saharo-sahélienne, une deuxième partie
propose une série d’articles sur la sécurité maritime dans le Golfe de
Guinée ; un troisième groupe de contributions est consacré à l’engagement
des organisations internationales dans la gestion de crises et la résolution
des conflits ; et le numéro s’achève sur des problématiques en cours.
Plusieurs thématiques reviennent dans chacune de ces contributions. D’abord un
questionnement : « le déficit capacitaire » de nombreux États
face aux défis sécuritaires. Ensuite les enjeux de la régionalisation des
réponses sécuritaires tant face au terrorisme, qu’à la piraterie et aux
conflits civils ; enfin la coopération avec des partenaires
extra-continentaux et des organisations internationales. Une étude croisée peut
permettre de comprendre les conflits sur le continent dans leur complexité et
nous espérons que ce numéro en fait la démonstration en privilégiant une
discussion entre praticiens, politiques et chercheurs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pour
aller plus loin : </span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amselle Jean-Loup,
M'Bokolo Elikia (dir.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Au cœur de
l’ethnie</i>, Paris, La Découverte, 2005, 225p.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Bonnecase Vincent et Brachet Julien
(dir.), Crises et chuchotements au Sahel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Politique
africaine</i>, N° 130, 2013/2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Collier Paul, Hoeffler Anke, Rohner Dominic, « Beyond Greed and
Grievance : Feasibility and Civil War », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oxford Economic Papers</i>, 2009, 61 (1), pp.1-27.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Courtin Nicolas (dir.), Comprendre
Boko Haram, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Afrique Contemporaine</i>, n°
255, 2015/3.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Cramer Christopher, « Homo Economicus Goes to War :
Methodological Individualism. Rational Choice and the Political Economy of
War », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">World Development</i>, 2002,
30 (11), pp.1845-1864.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gazibo Mamadou et Thiriot Céline
(dir.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La politique en Afrique. Etat des
débats et pistes de recherche</i>, Karthala, 2009.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="plan"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Marchal
Roland et Messiant Christine, « Les guerres civiles à l’ère de la
globalisation. Nouvelles réalités et nouveaux paradigmes », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Critique international,</i> 2003/1, n°18.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Marchal Roland (dir.),
« Le Sahel dans la crise malienne », Dossiers du CERI, 07/2013<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prunier Gérard,
Chrétien Jean-Pierre (dir.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les ethnies
ont une histoire</i>, Paris, Karthala, 2003 (2<sup>ème</sup> ed.), 435p.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ramsbotham Olivier, Woodhouse Tom, Miall Hugh, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Contemporary Conflict Resolution. The
Prevention, Management and Transformation of deadly Conflicts</i>, Polity,
(Third Edition), 2015.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Reno
William, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Warfare in Independent Africa</i>,
2011, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Richards
Paul, « New War. An Ethnographic Approach », in Paul Richards (dir.),
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">No Peace, No War</i>, Athens, OH and
Oxford, Ohio University Press and James Currey.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Straus Scott, « War do end ! Changing Patterns of Political
Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">African
Affairs</i>, 2012, 111 (443), pp.179-201.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Williams
Paul D., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">War & Conflict in Africa</i>,
Polity, 2016 (second Edition). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Robert Kaplan, « The Coming Anarchy : How Scarcity, Crime,
Overpopulation, and Disease is Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of Our
Planet », in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlantic Monthly</i>,
Février 1994, pp.44-76 et la critique : Harri Englund, « Culture,
Environment and the Enemis of Complexity », in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Review of African Political Economy</i>, 1998, 76, pp.179-188.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rita Abrahamsen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Conflict and Security in Africa</i>, James
Currey, 2013, 240 p.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paul Collier et Anke Hoeffler, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Greed and Grievance in Civil War</i>, 2002,
Washington, DC : World Bank</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">“Dangerous Tales -Dominant Narratives on the Congo and
their Unintended Consequences,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">African
Affairs</i>, 111 (443),pp. 202-222, 2012.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mary Kaldor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New and Old Wars: Organized
Violence in a Global Era</i>, 3 edition, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012, 256p.
On lira également les critiques suivantes : Stathis Kalyvas, « Les guerres
civiles après la guerre froide », in Pierre Hassner et Roland Marchal (éd.), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guerres et sociétés (États et violences
après la guerre-froide)</i>, Paris, Karthala, 2003, 615p ; Siniša Malesevic,
« The sociology of new wars? Assessing the causes and objectives of
contemporary violent conflicts », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International
Political Sociology</i>, vol.2, n°2, juin 2008, pp.97-112.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Richard Banégas (dir.), « L’Afrique de l’Ouest: des crises de la
citoyenneté », Les Dossiers du CERI, 2012-10.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Zachariah Mampilly et Adam Branch, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Africa Uprising. Popular Protest and
Political Change</i>, Zed Books – African Arguments, 2015, 272p.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> Marielle
Debos, « Centrafrique : attention aux mots », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Monde</i>, 20 février 2014.</div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8221485572718435778#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Jonathan Fisher et David M. Anderson, « Authoritarianism and the
securitization of development in Africa », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Affairs</i>, 91, 1, 2015, pp. 131–151. Nicolas Desgrais
et Sonia Le Gouriellec, « Stratégies d’extraversion : les défis de la
construction de l’Architecture Africaine de Paix et de Sécurité », Note de
Recherche Stratégique, IRSEM, Septembre 2016.</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-88241782829464172512016-10-24T14:18:00.000+02:002016-10-24T14:18:15.237+02:00«Oui, mon commandant»... version 2016 <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Cette interview a été publié sur le site <a href="http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2016/10/02/oui-mon-commandant-version-2016/">Africa4</a> par Jean-Pierre Bat le 4 octobre 2016. </strong></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div dir="ltr">
<strong><br /></strong></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>L’IRSEM organise un colloque sur les nouveaux visages des armées africaines : comment les définir ?</strong></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
Les
armées africaines sont trop souvent perçues comme le simple produit de
la période coloniale. Pourtant, elles sont également le produit de
transformations historiques successives, dont la colonisation n’est
qu’un élément. Il n’y a pas un modèle unique d’armée africaines pendant
la période coloniale et encore aujourd’hui. Le colloque vise donc à
étudier les différents visages de ces armées et leurs évolutions. Ces
armées et leurs missions évoluent avec les transformations du système
international. La volonté d’africaniser la sécurité sur le continent,
qui a accompagné la création de l’Architecture africaine de paix et de
sécurité (APSA), les armées africaines se sont vues attribuées de
nouvelles fonctions. Les acteurs africains étant appelés à prendre leurs
responsabilités en fournissant des troupes dans le cadre des missions
onusiennes se déployant sur le continent mais aussi, et surtout, en
créant un système de défense collective crédible pouvant apporter une
réponse rapide et, ainsi, alléger le « poids » considérable porté par le
Département des opérations de maintien de la paix (DOMP) des Nations
unies. Les acteurs extracontinentaux, quant à eux, sont poussés à jouer
un rôle de soutien et d’appui vis-à-vis de ces nouveaux mécanismes. Nous
étudierons notamment le rôle des États-Unis, de la Chine, de l’Union
Européenne, de la France, du Brésil ou encore du Portugal. </div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
Derrière
le discours « gagnant-gagnant » se cache aussi une autre réalité. Les
nouvelles fonctions attribuées aux armées africaines permettent de
renforcer l’autorité qu’exercent les pouvoirs politiques sur leurs
subordonnés et leur puissance vis-à-vis de l’extérieur pour prévenir
toute ingérence. Elle permet de bénéficier des différents mécanismes
internationaux de soutien tels que le financement des organisations
internationales, la donation de matériels militaires, l’accès à des
formations militaires et le soutien logistique nécessaire. La
participation à une OMP, par exemple, est un moyen de capter les rentes
qu’offrent les différents mécanismes internationaux de soutien à l’APSA
tout en augmentant leur « crédit international». </div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
En
interne aussi l’image des armées évolue. Les forces armées n’ont pas
toujours eu un bon comportement vis-à-vis des populations, elles étaient
d’ailleurs parfois envoyées pour les réprimer. Certaines armées restent
un problème structurel qui nécessite des réformes. Le rôle de ces
armées dans la lutte contre le terrorisme par exemple affecte les civils
et exacerbe les conflits, comme on a pu l’observer au Nigeria. Il
persiste une véritable incapacité de certains gouvernements à faire en
sorte que les armées obéissent au pouvoir civil. Ces rapports que les
armées africaines entretiennent avec le pouvoir politique seront au cœur
de plusieurs communications abordant les cas du Burkina Faso, de la
République Démocratique du Congo et du Mali. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>A l’heure de Barkhane, quel rôle jour l’Ecole militaire de Paris dans la constitution des armées africaines ?</strong></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
L’École
militaire regroupe un ensemble de centre de formation et de recherche.
L’École de guerre est l’un de ces organismes. Il participe à la
formation des officiers français et étrangers. Historiquement, ces
formations d’officiers étrangers font partie de notre coopération
militaire soutenue par les Affaires étrangères. Elles permettent de
renforcer nos alliances. Cette politique de formation participe de notre
politique d’influence dans certaines régions notamment en Afrique
francophone mais elle s’intègre aussi dans notre diplomatie économique.
Elle permet de créer une matrice intellectuelle commune et d’élever le
niveau d’interopérabilité de troupes qui, à l’heure de Barkhane, sont
amenées à opérer ensemble sur des théâtres d’opérations communs. La
formation des officiers africains participe également de notre politique
francophone. L’École de guerre accueille des officiers non
francophones, comme des Ethiopiens, qui bénéficient d’une formation de
six mois au français. De plus, cette coopération évolue puisqu’a été
ouvert en 2005 au Cameroun une École supérieure internationale de guerre
(ESIG). L’IRSEM contribue également à la formation d’officiers
africains en accueillant cette année trois officiers élèves
internationaux de l’École Spéciale Militaire de Saint Cyr qui doivent
réaliser un mémoire de recherche. Pour avoir échangé avec eux, cette
coopération et ces échanges sont enrichissants pour chacun d’entre nous.
Ils apportent leur expérience de terrain aux chercheurs français qui,
pour leur part, les soutiennent dans leur démarche de recherche, l’accès
aux sources, etc. Les efforts entrepris sont donc réels mais certains
observateurs trouvent qu’ils ne produisent pas encore pleinement leurs
effets sur le terrain, voir ces articles par exemple<a href="http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2016/10/02/oui-mon-commandant-version-2016/"><span></span></a>.
Le défi reste toujours celui de l’autonomisation de ces armées et
l’appropriation des nouvelles capacités comme l’indiquait le <a href="http://www.defnat.com/site_fr/sommaires/vue-article.php?carticle=21202" target="_blank">colonel Susnjara dans le dernier numéro de la Revue Défense Nationale</a>.
Si l’appropriation des forces africaines met du temps, c’est également
en vertu d’une crise de croissance. En effet, elles sont nombreuses à
évoluer rapidement alors même qu’elles sont confrontées à l’ennemi. Les
spécialistes des questions militaires le rappellent : la montée en
puissance n’est pas une science exacte.</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>En marge des armées dites régulières, le fait militaire ne se joue-t-il pas aux marges, autour du phénomène milicien ?</strong></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
Bien
sûr le fait militaire se joue également autour du phénomène milicien.
Les acteurs (semi)privés ou informels ont été particulièrement étudiés
en France. Je pense notamment aux travaux de Marielle Debos sur le Tchad
et le « métier des armes » ou un numéro de <em>Politique africaine</em>
en 2012 : « Politique des corps habillés. État, pouvoir et métiers de
l’ordre en Afrique ». Mais nous avons constaté que les forces de
sécurité étatiques et plus particulièrement les armées restent mal
connues, c’est pourquoi nous avons voulu nous concentrer sur cette
question lors du colloque. </div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
Le facteur milicien ne sera
pas oublié mais étudié en relation avec les forces armées nationales.
Nous étudierons les processus de Réforme du secteur de la sécurité (RSS)
notamment au Burundi. Tant au Rwanda, qu’au Burundi des enseignements
peuvent être tirés sur la façon dont une armée « mono-ethnique » est
parvenue, ou essaie, de transformer sa base sociale. Le déploiement de
contingents à l’extérieur du territoire a permis par exemple à l’armée
burundaise d’intégrer dans la nouvelle armée les miliciens des groupes
armés majoritairement hutu et les soldats de l’ancien régime, les
ex-Forces Armées Burundaises (FAB) majoritairement tutsi. Cette
intégration a longtemps été considérée comme une réussite de l’accord de
paix d’Arusha signé en 2000 alors qu’elle était entre 1966 et 1993 le
principal centre de pouvoir. L’armée semblait être parvenue à devenir
une force apolitique. Mais la crise électorale a mis en lumière ces
divisions et l’armée burundaise est au cœur de la crise politique. En
Éthiopie, au Rwanda, en Érythrée et en Ouganda, les armées sont issues
de mouvements de libération nationale. Les régimes en place ont
reconstruit leurs États de façon très centralisée autour d’une figure ou
d’un parti. Les structures militaires restent dominées par des vétérans
de la guerre de libération issus du Front patriotique pour le Rwanda,
du Mouvement de résistance nationale en Ouganda ou par des vétérans
tigréens en Éthiopie. Jonathan Fisher qualifie ces officiers de «
post-post-libération » « sécurocrates » et mène des études pour
comprendre comment et pourquoi les OMP sont un bon moyen de les
maintenir éloigné des politiques de sécurité nationale.</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-79462425254883730622016-10-23T15:01:00.000+02:002016-10-23T15:01:06.742+02:00Lectures d'intérêt<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le <a href="https://www.sipri.org/news/2016/sipri-releases-map-multilateral-peace-operations-2016">SIPRI </a>vient de publier une carte des Opérations de Paix dans le monde en 2016.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7N8LErEVnrQ0s6-VdGOTnd-LiSArvRlmIk90NEsSYEYbF2oIijufzkNxtKcCXingwxm7DGcxVbxz-Drl0XyXKGzy1yshqV7VU5V272_jgURC_og6KW-E54yvRVKZ0vHeIjZKq-5fUO2wV/s1600/Peace_operations_2016_map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7N8LErEVnrQ0s6-VdGOTnd-LiSArvRlmIk90NEsSYEYbF2oIijufzkNxtKcCXingwxm7DGcxVbxz-Drl0XyXKGzy1yshqV7VU5V272_jgURC_og6KW-E54yvRVKZ0vHeIjZKq-5fUO2wV/s400/Peace_operations_2016_map.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« The geographical spillover of armed conflict in Sub -Saharan Africa », <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Economic System</i>, 40:1, 2016, p. 109-119.
</span></u></b></div>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
Résumé : <b>La diffusion transfrontalière des conflits serait-elle plus élevée
en Afrique subsaharienne qu’ailleurs ? </b>Pour répondre à cette question
Fabrizio Carmignani et Parvinder Kler étudient l’évolution des guerres civiles
en comparant l’Afrique subsaharienne avec le reste du monde. Il démontre qu’un
Etat voisin en guerre augmente la probabilité d’une guerre civile d’au moins
1%. L’effet de difusion dans le reste du monde est trois fois moins élevé qu’en
Afrique subsaharienne. L’article avance l’hypothèse d’un lien entre les flux de
réfugiés entrants, la séparation artificielle des groupes ethniques et la
diffusion des conflits.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Colin Robinson, « Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed
Forces, 1960–2012 », <i>Defense & Security Analysis</i>, 32:3, 2016,
pp.237-252.</span></u></b><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Résumé : Une partie des études sur la guerre en Somalie aborde l’histoire
des forces armées nationales et plus spécifiquement son armée. Deux
problématiques reviennent depuis l’indépendance du pays. D’une part, la
poursuite d’une politique irrédentiste qui conduit à la chute du régime de Siad
Barre et aux divisions claniques dans le pays ; d’autre part, la renaissance de
l’armée somalienne au 21<sup>ème</sup> siècle. Cet article s’inscrit dans cette
seconde démarche et analyse la renaissance incertaine de l’armée somalienne
depuis 2008.<b> L’aide internationale s’est concentrée sur Mogadiscio, mais les
succès pour reconstruire une véritable armée nationale sont relatifs. Les
perspectives d’avenir sont incertaines mais l’auteur souligne tout de même
quelques signes d’espoir.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Josie Knowles, "Tanzanian scepticism of a militarised East African
Federation and underlying military concerns", <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">African Security Review</i>, 25 : 3, 2016, pp.258-274. </span></u></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Résumé : "Attitudes towards a regional military force are of paramount
importance when exploring public support for regional integration. Until now,
however, scholarly research has not considered the influence of attitudes
towards a regional military mechanism in the sub-Saharan African context. Using
Afrobarometer data, we demonstrate that military concerns are vital when
exploring Tanzanian attitudes towards the proposed political federation of the
East African Community (EAC), the East African Federation (EAF). More
specifically, opposition to military cooperation strongly influences Tanzanian
scepticism of the EAF. This finding is highly relevant given that referendums
in the participating member states must be passed to facilitate political
integration. Heightened opposition towards military cooperation raises the
possibility of the public rejecting a politically integrated EAC. This poses a
potential obstacle to the implementation of joint security policies and crucial
mechanisms to provide a more stable region at large. We account for alternative
explanations of Tanzanian opinion formation and reflect on the strength of
military-orientated concerns for investigating public support for the East
African project specifically and regional integration in sub-Saharan Africa
more widely". </span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-71408506940452456762016-10-22T14:12:00.000+02:002016-10-22T14:12:11.729+02:00Que peuvent en pratique les armées africaines ? <div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Nous avons été invité par Thierry Garcin (Les Enjeux Internationaux) le 4 octobre 2016. Voici le résumé de l'emission. Vous pouvez réécouter le programme <a href="http://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/les-enjeux-internationaux/afrique-que-peuvent-en-pratique-les-armees-africaines">ICI</a>.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhswIxTigOF4HSIQ9pTh2s9OpyRvXTd0pWaiYFlEhgOTAn2I9f04d0M4SEzWrxSyLfHBm5wed4dHqtw4TBsnfs8tpxPswkk4pQvynfSLoUKcoCPqGwn3fCeOX50hn2MxKT6n4xPe7-TcyCt/s1600/510_aaaaartr2ohgh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhswIxTigOF4HSIQ9pTh2s9OpyRvXTd0pWaiYFlEhgOTAn2I9f04d0M4SEzWrxSyLfHBm5wed4dHqtw4TBsnfs8tpxPswkk4pQvynfSLoUKcoCPqGwn3fCeOX50hn2MxKT6n4xPe7-TcyCt/s320/510_aaaaartr2ohgh.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Au lendemain des indépendances, l’institution militaire et le parti
unique constituaient souvent les deux piliers des systèmes politiques.
Dans le meilleur des cas, les deux parvenaient à surmonter peu ou prou
le facteur ethnique belligène, même si les coups d’État et tentatives de
coups d’État (la plupart fomentés par des militaires), étaient légion.
Parallèlement, et heureusement, il y a eu très peu de conflits armés
interétatiques dans les récentes décennies (Haute-Volta-Mali,
Érythrée-Éthiopie…). En revanche, depuis près de trente ans, on a
constaté la multiplication de conflits internes et de guerres civiles
(souvent très longues, comme en Sierra Leone, au Liberia, en Côte
d’Ivoire…), accentuant l’anomie (guerres urbaines, milices armées…).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Aujourd’hui, comment évaluer le rôle politique, l’expérience
militaire et la valeur de la plupart de ces armées, dont la fonction
reste souvent interne et qui composent de plus en plus les forces
d’intervention sous mandat des Nations unies ?</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
.</div>
<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8221485572718435778.post-53589694871985756322016-10-20T14:09:00.000+02:002016-10-20T14:09:11.012+02:00Quel rôle pour les armées africaines ?<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Nous publions ici l'interview réalisée avec <a href="http://www.lepoint.fr/editos-du-point/jean-guisnel/on-oublie-trop-souvent-le-role-positif-de-certaines-armees-africaines-04-10-2016-2073375_53.php">Jean Guisnel (Le Point</a>) dans le cadre du colloque sur les Nouveaux visages des armées africaines organisé par l'IRSEM. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Le Point.fr : Vous coorganisez à l'École militaire de Paris, les 5 et
6 octobre, un colloque sur les armées de l'Afrique subsaharienne.
Sont-elles actuellement à la hauteur des enjeux sécuritaires du
continent ? </b>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Sonia Le Gouriellec :</b> Elles font effectivement face à un défi
véritable, en raison notamment de leurs moyens limités. Globalement,
leurs budgets sont très faibles, leurs tailles sont réduites et les
populations sont peu engagées dans les forces armées. J'ai noté que
0,2 % de la population africaine est engagée dans les forces armées,
quand en <a class="surligner" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/tags/france">France</a>,
par exemple, ce chiffre est près de 2,5 fois plus élevé (0,48 %). De
plus, elles interviennent souvent sur des terrains très conflictuels, y
compris dans les opérations de maintien de la paix qui ressemblent
souvent à des guerres. Elles sont souvent sous-équipées,
sous-entraînées. Voici quelques mois, <a class="underline" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/139035/politique/arm-es-africaines-pourquoi-sont-elles-si-nulles/" itemprop="citation" target="_blank" title="">
<i>Jeune Afrique</i>
</a> avait écrit sur les armées africaines « mal équipées, mal
entraînées, mal aimées et en piteux état ». Pour autant, leur plus
important défi consiste aujourd'hui à s'adapter à de nouvelles formes de
conflictualité, comme le djihadisme qui frappe toute la bande
sahélienne. Elles sont soutenues dans cet effort par des partenaires
comme l'Union européenne, la France, les <a class="surligner" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/tags/etats-unis">États-Unis</a>, la <a class="surligner" href="http://www.lepoint.fr/tags/chine">Chine</a>, l'Inde et d'autres encore, comme le Brésil ou la Turquie.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Comment se fait-il que ces États faisant face à des adversaires de
puissance limitée aient besoin d'armées étrangères pour se défendre ?</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tout d'abord, notons que ces armées ne se sont pas adaptées à
l'évolution des conflits. Prenons le cas typique du Nigeria, confronté
au groupe Boko Haram. Après la guerre civile de 1967-1970 (guerre du
Biafra), les structures militaires ont été remodelées, une culture
stratégique nouvelle s'est mise en place. Elle se basait sur l'analyse
selon laquelle la menace contre le pays venait de l'environnement
régional francophone. C'est pourquoi, dans les années 1980-1990, l'armée
nigériane s'est trouvée fortement impliquée dans les opérations de paix
sur le plan régional. La conséquence, c'est qu'elle s'est
progressivement trouvée incapable de répondre à des menaces
infra-étatiques… Elle n'est pas en mesure de faire face aujourd'hui à
Boko Haram. D'autres armées uniquement centrées sur la protection des
frontières n'étaient pas prêtes à contrer des menaces de nature
terroriste lorsqu'elles se sont présentées. Dans d'autres cas encore, on
trouve davantage des gardes prétoriennes que des armées nationales. Je
pense aux États d'Afrique centrale. Elles forment un groupe de
protection autour du président sans être prêtes à affronter les menaces
contemporaines.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Ces armées construites autour du clan du chef de l'État sont légion
en Afrique. Est-il possible, voire nécessaire, qu'une telle situation
évolue, et comment ?</b>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Premier point, ce n'est pas à nous, acteurs extérieurs, d'y
remédier. De plus, notre vision très négative est souvent assez biaisée
par notre connaissance souvent réduite aux États d'Afrique francophone.
Nous les voyons négativement en raison de leur rôle dans les coups
d'État, de leur ingérence dans le politique, de la corruption ou du
népotisme dont elles sont souvent accusées. On oublie souvent qu'elles
ont aussi joué des rôles positifs dans certaines transitions politiques,
comme en Guinée en 2008. Le général Sékouba Konaté a mis en place la
transition politique, se comportant en véritable modèle, à l'inverse de
Moussa Dadis Camara. Au Niger, le coup d'État du commandant Salou Djibo
en 2010, resté au pouvoir jusqu'en 2011, visait à restaurer les
institutions démocratiques, ce qui a été fait avec succès. En 2014, au
Burkina Faso, l'armée a tenté de mettre en place la transition
démocratique, mais une de ses factions a appuyé Blaise Compaoré. C'était
une armée à deux visages. Les rivalités entre factions sont réelles :
bérets rouges et bérets verts au Mali ou encore le régiment de sécurité
présidentielle et l'armée régulière au Burkina Faso. Il ne faut pas
réduire la complexité des situations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Les armées africaines sont souvent imbriquées dans les jeux de pouvoir. Est-ce acceptable ?</b>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
85 % des pays africains ont été touchés par des coups
d'État. Et seuls deux pays (l'Afrique du Sud et la Namibie) n'ont pas
connu de régime militaire. L'enjeu réside, à mes yeux, dans la
professionnalisation des armées, dont les enjeux sociaux, économiques,
mais surtout politiques avec la subordination à l'autorité civile, sont
essentiels. C'est particulièrement vrai dans ces pays où des milices ou
des groupes de libération nationale sont arrivés au pouvoir par les
armes, comme en Éthiopie, en Érythrée, au Soudan du Sud, au Tchad, au
Burundi, au Rwanda, etc. On voit que les anciens rebelles mettent en
place des régimes très autoritaires, participant davantage que les
autres aux opérations de maintien de la paix. Du coup, en devenant
indispensables à la résolution des conflits sur le continent, ces
régimes forts ne soulèvent que peu de critiques de leurs partenaires
internationaux et accroissent leur emprise sur la vie politique et
économique de leur pays. C'est particulièrement vrai actuellement avec
le Tchad, l'Ouganda, le Burundi et l'Éthiopie</div>
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