Somalie : le conflit accentue la famine

Le New York Times proposait dans son édition du 16 août (ICI), deux cartes pour comprendre la famine, qui touche aujourd'hui une partie de la Corne de l'Afrique. On y apprend que dans les régions les plus touchées le prix des céréales est à 260% plus cher qu'en 2010.

Hillary Clinton sur la famine en Somalie du Sud

Le 11 août dernier, Hillary Rodham Clinton, revenait sur la famine en Somalie et le rôle des Etats-Unis, dans une interview de Scott Pelley pour CBS.

QUESTION: What are your concerns about al-Shabaab in Somalia?

SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, I have many concerns about al-Shabaab. Al-Shabaab is a terrorist group. Al-Shabaab has been particularly brutal, even barbaric, to the people under their control, even before this famine has so devastated the Somali people. Al-Shabaab has imposed the worst kind of punishments for what they consider to be violations of their particularly perverted, distorted view of Islam. And so they have posed a threat to the United States and to our friends and neighbors. They were behind an attack in Kampala, Uganda because Uganda has been very important in our efforts to try to beat back al-Shabaab, and we’ve made progress, thanks to an organized African effort supported by the United States and others.

But what we’ve seen in recent weeks just beggars the imagination, Scott. I mean, it’s one thing to have a view of religion that is so brutal and totally at odds with anything that anyone else believes, but it’s something entirely different to prevent women and children from getting to a place where they could be saved, where the children could be fed, where women wouldn’t be watching their babies die in their arms. And we have seen no indication that al-Shabaab has a heart. This is Ramadan. If there were ever a time for a group that claims to be adhering to their own form of Islam – they apparently don’t know what Ramadan means, because they are doing nothing to assist the international community or even on their own to assist the people that they control.

And I’ve called on them and their leaders to show some mercy and some compassion. We can get back to squaring off against one another after we save the lives of women and children. So far, we’ve seen no evidence that they’re willing to do that.

QUESTION: Is the United States Government aiding the training of anti-Shabaab militias in Somalia?

SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, the United States Government helps to fund the AMISOM Mission, and the AMISOM Mission has made the difference between clawing back territory from al-Shabaab and losing all of Somalia to this terrorist group. So we have, for a long time, supported African troops under an African mission to work with the Transitional Federal Government that is in place in Mogadishu. And I have seen progress over the last two and a half years. I met with the head of the TFG in Kenya in August of 2009 and --

QUESTION: The Transitional Federal Government.

SECRETARY CLINTON: The Transitional Federal Government. Look, they have a long way to go. They are only learning on the job, so to speak, about how to govern. Somali-Americans have gone home to Mogadishu to try to help prevent this perversion that al-Shabaab practices from destroying their country.

But Somalia has been in turmoil and living with violence for a very long time now. We all remember, first, President George H. W. Bush and then President Clinton trying to help the Somali people in the early ’90s. And it was a very terrible incident with our soldiers being killed and mistreated. So the world, for a number of years, said, “Look, Somalia is just too violent, too complex. We cannot deal with it.” And at that time, there was a lot of – it was mostly an inter-clan conflict.

But what we’ve seen in the last several years is the rise of al-Shabaab, which proudly claims some affinity with al-Qaida, which tries to work with al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula, al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb. And so this then became a direct threat to us, not just a tragedy on the ground in Somalia, but a threat to not only the United States but the rest of the world.

QUESTION: In addition to the African Union forces, are we supporting or providing training or providing the money for training of other militias inside Somalia?

SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, I think we’re doing what we can to support Uganda and others who are part of the AMISOM Mission to do what they need to do to help not only beat back al-Shabaab, but to help train an indigenous Somali force to stand on its own against al-Shabaab.

QUESTION: And training is integral to that?

SECRETARY CLINTON: Of course it is. I mean, part of the challenge is making sure that people are trained to use equipment, to know how to engage in the kind of warfare to deal with the threat of suicide bombers. I mean, there’s a lot that has to be learned. It’s – it is certainly welcome that people would want to stand up and fight for their family and their country, but they need to be able to know how to do it.

QUESTION: When you see these pictures that are coming out of the famine emergency, what do you think?

SECRETARY CLINTON: Right. Well, it just breaks my heart because there is no doubt that some of this is the unfortunate consequence of weather patterns, of drought. But I would say most of it is because of bad policies and bad people, and that’s what really upsets me.

An act of God is an act of God. You deal with an earthquake, you deal with a tsunami. But there is so much more we could do to help in this, and we’ve tried to. We fund something called the Famine Early Warning System Network. It gave us an indication last year that a famine was on the way, and not just because of weather patterns but because of violence, because of conflict, because of inaccessible areas to be able to provide support. So we pre-position food. And we’ve worked with the Governments of Ethiopia and Kenya. We’ve certainly worked to support the UN and both American and international NGOs. But then you see these pictures and you know how many people are dying because they can’t get help where they are, because you have this terrorist group, al-Shabaab, that has no regard for the lives of the people in the areas they control.

QUESTION: How is the United States responding to the emergency?

SECRETARY CLINTON: Well, I think we are responding very effectively in the face of a very large challenge. We’re by far the largest donor, over $550 million that we have put into trying to help save lives. We’re not only providing emergency foodstuffs – particularly what is needed when you’re terribly malnourished and you can’t eat whole food; you have to have nutritional supplements – but also we’re helping with water, we’re helping with sanitation and healthcare, we’re trying to vaccinate people so that there are not epidemics in the refugee camps. We’re supporting Kenya, which has been an extremely gracious host to hundreds of thousands of Somalis who have come over their border over the last years because of the fighting there. And we’re working with the Government of Ethiopia.

But at the same time, Scott – and I want to emphasize this because the American people are very generous and we do respond to tragedies and natural disasters – we have to change the trajectory here. And so what we did from the very beginning of this Administration was to say, look, we are the best at responding to food disasters. The United States is the major supporter of the World Food Program. We’re there with food. We set up this early warning system. We are great at responding to disasters.

But we’ve got to do more to change the underlying conditions. So we started a program called Feed the Future, which represents the best thinking in agricultural productivity, in nutritional supplementation, in marketing of food, everything that goes into what makes for greater self-sufficiency. And Ethiopia and Kenya are two of the countries we’ve been working with over the last two and a half years. What are policies that need to be changed at the governmental level that encourage more food production?

And the last time there was a famine in Ethiopia – I’m old enough to remember, the pictures were very similar to what you’re showing – it affected 12 million people. This year, this famine is affecting about 5 million in the area. Now, 5 million is still an unacceptably high number, but it’s a big improvement because we’ve worked with both farmers and pastoralists to try to help them do more to sustain themselves – drought-resistant seeds, for example, better irrigation techniques and the like. So it’s not just that we’re responding to the emergency, first and foremost. We’re also trying to change the underlying conditions.

QUESTION: Last question: You mentioned the United States has contributed more than half a billion dollars --

SECRETARY CLINTON: Right.

QUESTION: -- to this emergency in --

SECRETARY CLINTON: Right.

QUESTION: -- the Horn of Africa. Some reasonable people would say this is a terrible, terrible tragedy, but we can’t afford that.

SECRETARY CLINTON: Well --

QUESTION: And I wonder what you would say to them.

SECRETARY CLINTON: I would say look at these pictures. And the one thing that Americans are so well known for, not only through our government but through our religious faith-based institutions, through private charities, through individual giving, is our heart. No matter what anybody says about us anywhere in the world, people have to admit that when there’s trouble anywhere, Americans are there. We’re there to help, and we’re there to do the very best we can to try to alleviate suffering. That’s part of the DNA of the American character. We certainly can afford to do what is necessary now.

Obviously, we’re all having to tighten our belts in this tough budgetary climate, but I have the great honor of heading the State Department and USAID, our two civilian agencies that – we don’t carry weapons; we carry food and we negotiate treaties, we try to help governments get better. It’s an insurance policy both against tragedy happening, but it’s also our way of responding when the inevitable – because given human nature, we’re going to face these kinds of terrible calamities – that we show who we are as a people. And I would hate to think that our country would ever back off from that.

La corne de l'Afrique : l'urgence sans fin ?

Le 4 août, l'émission Contre Expertise sur France Culture, recevait Valérie Daher, directrice de la communication d'Action Contre la Faim, Alain Gascon, géographe, et Rony Brauman, essayiste, professeur à Sciences Po et ancien président de Médecins sans frontières.

Résumé de l'émission : "L’encens est devenu poussière, quant aux chèvres, elles se font plus rares. La Corne de l’Afrique ou l’urgence sans fin… Cette archive date de 1960: depuis, on ne parle plus de « voyageurs » sur les routes, mais d’exilés. Les camps de réfugiés sont saturés, certains y sont nés il y a vingt ans, à l’époque de la première grande crise. On avait laissé la Somalie, telle qu’elle, à l’époque, dans un état de « ni guerre, ni paix ». On s’est retiré en même temps que les troupes américaines, les caméras et pas mal d’organisations humanitaires. Aujourd’hui, et alors que les ONG n’ont plus d’interlocuteur politique dans le pays, la sécheresse concerne 3 millions et demi de personnes dans la seule Somalie. Hier l’ONU déclarait trois nouvelles zones en état de famine, et notamment la capitale Mogadiscio."

Ecoutez l'émission ICI

Extraits :
- Alain Gascon a rappelé que la saison humide est coupée, en Somalie, d'une saison sèche en juillet-août marquée de pluies irrégulières, tous les 10 ans ces irrégularités sont beaucoup plus fortes.
- La Corne de l'Afrique c'est au moins cinq pays (Érythrée, Éthiopie, Somalie, Djibouti, Kenya auxquels on peut ajouter le Soudan et l'Ouganda). La zone affectée et les 13 millions de personnes touchées par la famine couvriraient l'ensemble de ces pays mais Rony Brauman se dit septique face à la surenchère alarmiste de l'ONU qui donne des chiffres invérifiables. Pour lui la crise est réelle mais dans une région délimitée (Somalie et sud Est Éthiopie) ailleurs c'est un autre problème, il ne faut pas homogénéiser toute la région. Étendre la famine à l'ensemble de la Corne a un effet démobilisateur.
- La région ne manque pas d'eau elle est irriguée par deux fleuves pérennes le Juba et le Schebell. La guerre a bousculé la complémentarité qui existait auparavant entre éleveurs et agriculteurs. L'usage et l'entretien de l'irrigation a été endommagé par la guerre. Cette sécheresse est le symptôme d'un dérèglement beaucoup plus profond lié à la crise politique.

D'ailleurs, les conditions climatiques sont difficiles aussi au Somaliland mais l'autorité étatique a établi des conditions qui permettent d'échanger et circuler contrairement au Sud de la Somalie où des chefs de guerres se taillent des principauté. [ndrl : dernièrement les Shabaab ont réclamé $30 par hectare de terres irriguées aux agriculteurs vivant le long du Juba dans la région du Lower Juba (en rouge sur la carte)]

D'ailleurs Alain Gascon s'interroge : pourquoi on ne reconnait pas l'indépendance du Somaliland ?

La question financière est importante mais l'action diplomatique et la résolution des conflits sont plus importantes encore.

Interview dans l'Express de Rony Brauman : surenchère catastrophiste "Famine : " En Somalie la solution est politique""

Dans une interview à L'Express, en 1997, Rony Brauman expliquait que pour que les humanitaires puissent intervenir, il fallait qu'une situation réunisse trois critères: "La liberté de se déplacer sur le territoire, d'évaluer les besoins et de dialoguer sans contrôle." Si ces critères n'étaient pas respectés, "il [fallait] savoir renoncer". Aujourd'hui il estime qu'"On est en train d'assister à une surenchère catastrophiste! Il faut ne pas se souvenir des grandes famines d'après-guerre pour dire des choses pareilles... Même en Somalie, la situation est très contrastée. Les besoins existent, mais ils sont très circonscrits."



A lire :
- « Aujourd’hui, une famine dans un pays ne s’explique pas sans la présence d’un conflit » par Philippe Hugon ICI
-"L’insécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne" par Mathieu Mérino ICI
- "Corne de l’Afrique : catastrophe annoncée" par Catherine-Lune Grayson ICI
- Vidéo d'un porte parole des Shabaa affirmant qu'il n'y a pas de famine en Somalie :


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